{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T11:59:59Z","timestamp":1773143999036,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,29]],"date-time":"2012-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1340928000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Complement Altern Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Infection with HIV-1 results in marked immunologic insults and structural damage to the intestinal mucosa, including compromised barrier function. While the development of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has been a major advancement in the treatment of HIV-1 infection, the need for novel complementary interventions to help restore intestinal structural and functional integrity remains unmet. Known properties of pre-, pro-, and synbiotics suggest that they may be useful tools in achieving this goal.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This was a 4-week parallel, placebo-controlled, randomized pilot trial in HIV-infected women on antiretroviral therapy. A synbiotic formulation (Synbiotic 2000\u00ae) containing 4 strains of probiotic bacteria (10\n                      <jats:sup>10<\/jats:sup>\n                      each) plus 4 nondigestible, fermentable dietary fibers (2.5\u2009g each) was provided each day, versus a fiber-only placebo formulation. The primary outcome was bacterial translocation. Secondary outcomes included the levels of supplemented bacteria in stool, the activation phenotype of peripheral T-cells and monocytes, and plasma levels of C-reactive protein and soluble CD14.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Microbial translocation, as measured by plasma bacterial 16S ribosomal DNA concentration, was not altered by synbiotic treatment. In contrast, the synbiotic formulation resulted in significantly elevated levels of supplemented probiotic bacterial strains in stool, including L. plantarum and P. pentosaceus, with the colonization of these two species being positively correlated with each other. T-cell activation phenotype of peripheral blood lymphocytes showed modest changes in response to synbiotic exposure, with HLA-DR expression slightly elevated on a minor population of CD4+ T-cells which lack expression of HLA-DR or PD-1. In addition, CD38 expression on CD8+ T-cells was slightly lower in the fiber-only group. Plasma levels of soluble CD14 and C-reactive protein were unaffected by synbiotic treatment in this study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Synbiotic treatment for 4\u2009weeks can successfully augment the levels of probiotic species in the gut during chronic HIV-1 infection. Associated changes in microbial translocation appear to be absent, and markers of systemic immune activation appear largely unchanged. These findings may help inform future studies aimed at testing pre- and probiotic approaches to improve gut function and mucosal immunity in chronic HIV-1 infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Clinical Trials.gov: NCT00688311<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-12-84","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,29]],"date-time":"2012-06-29T16:13:52Z","timestamp":1340986432000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Randomized pilot trial of a synbiotic dietary supplement in chronic HIV-1 infection"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Marco","family":"Schunter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiutung","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timothy L","family":"Hayes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Delandy","family":"McConnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sean S","family":"Crawford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul A","family":"Luciw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stig","family":"Bengmark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David M","family":"Asmuth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles L","family":"Bevins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barbara L","family":"Shacklett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J William","family":"Critchfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"1049_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2007.1","volume":"1","author":"JM Brenchley","year":"2008","unstructured":"Brenchley JM, Douek DC: HIV infection and the gastrointestinal immune system. Mucosal Immunol. 2008, 1: 23-30. 10.1038\/mi.2007.1.","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"1049_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1086\/590112","volume":"198","author":"J Estes","year":"2008","unstructured":"Estes J, Baker JV, Brenchley JM, Khoruts A, Barthold JL, Bantle A, Reilly CS, Beilman GJ, George ME, Douek DC: Collagen deposition limits immune reconstitution in the gut. J Infect Dis. 2008, 198: 456-464. 10.1086\/590112.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"1049_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199110000-00015","volume":"5","author":"PA Batman","year":"1991","unstructured":"Batman PA, Miller AR, Sedgwick PM, Griffin GE: Autonomic denervation in jejunal mucosa of homosexual men infected with HIV. AIDS. 1991, 5: 1247-1252. 10.1097\/00002030-199110000-00015.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"1049_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-198810000-00008","volume":"2","author":"GE Griffin","year":"1988","unstructured":"Griffin GE, Miller A, Batman P, Forster SM, Pinching AJ, Harris JR, Mathan MM: Damage to jejunal intrinsic autonomic nerves in HIV infection. AIDS. 1988, 2: 379-382. 10.1097\/00002030-198810000-00008.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"1049_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1711610206","volume":"161","author":"MM Mathan","year":"1990","unstructured":"Mathan MM, Griffin GE, Miller A, Batman P, Forster S, Pinching A, Harris W: Ultrastructure of the jejunal mucosa in human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Pathol. 1990, 161: 119-127. 10.1002\/path.1711610206.","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"1049_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1711690113","volume":"169","author":"C Blanshard","year":"1993","unstructured":"Blanshard C, Ellis DS, Tovey G, Gazzard BG: Electron microscopy of rectal biopsies in HIV-positive individuals. J Pathol. 1993, 169: 79-87. 10.1002\/path.1711690113.","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"1049_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1086\/525046","volume":"197","author":"Q Li","year":"2008","unstructured":"Li Q, Estes JD, Duan L, Jessurun J, Pambuccian S, Forster C, Wietgrefe S, Zupancic M, Schacker T, Reilly C: Simian immunodeficiency virus-induced intestinal cell apoptosis is the underlying mechanism of the regenerative enteropathy of early infection. J Infect Dis. 2008, 197: 420-429. 10.1086\/525046.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"1049_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000852","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000852","volume":"6","author":"A Nazli","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nazli A, Chan O, Dobson-Belaire WN, Ouellet M, Tremblay MJ, Gray-Owen SD, Arsenault AL, Kaushic C: Exposure to HIV-1 directly impairs mucosal epithelial barrier integrity allowing microbial translocation. PLoS Pathog. 2010, 6: e1000852-10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000852.","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"1049_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01449-07","volume":"82","author":"S Sankaran","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sankaran S, George MD, Reay E, Guadalupe M, Flamm J, Prindiville T, Dandekar S: Rapid onset of intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction in primary human immunodeficiency virus infection is driven by an imbalance between immune response and mucosal repair and regeneration. J Virol. 2008, 82: 538-545. 10.1128\/JVI.01449-07.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"1049_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01729-07","volume":"46","author":"A Gori","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gori A, Tincati C, Rizzardini G, Torti C, Quirino T, Haarman M, Ben Amor K, van Schaik J, Vriesema A, Knol J: Early impairment of gut function and gut flora supporting a role for alteration of gastrointestinal mucosa in human immunodeficiency virus pathogenesis. J Clin Microbiol. 2008, 46: 757-758. 10.1128\/JCM.01729-07.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"1049_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1511","volume":"12","author":"JM Brenchley","year":"2006","unstructured":"Brenchley JM, Price DA, Schacker TW, Asher TE, Silvestri G, Rao S, Kazzaz Z, Bornstein E, Lambotte O, Altmann D: Microbial translocation is a cause of systemic immune activation in chronic HIV infection. Nat Med. 2006, 12: 1365-1371.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"1049_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.37.5.623","volume":"37","author":"J Keating","year":"1995","unstructured":"Keating J, Bjarnason I, Somasundaram S, Macpherson A, Francis N, Price AB, Sharpstone D, Smithson J, Menzies IS, Gazzard BG: Intestinal absorptive capacity, intestinal permeability and jejunal histology in HIV and their relation to diarrhoea. Gut. 1995, 37: 623-629. 10.1136\/gut.37.5.623.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"1049_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.3109\/00365529309096090","volume":"28","author":"SG Lim","year":"1993","unstructured":"Lim SG, Menzies IS, Lee CA, Johnson MA, Pounder RE: Intestinal permeability and function in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. A comparison with coeliac disease. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1993, 28: 573-580. 10.3109\/00365529309096090.","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"1049_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1080\/003655299750025246","volume":"34","author":"P Pernet","year":"1999","unstructured":"Pernet P, Vittecoq D, Kodjo A, Randrianarisolo MH, Dumitrescu L, Blondon H, Bergmann JF, Giboudeau J, Aussel C: Intestinal absorption and permeability in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1999, 34: 29-34.","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"1049_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1086\/597476","volume":"199","author":"W Jiang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jiang W, Lederman MM, Hunt P, Sieg SF, Haley K, Rodriguez B, Landay A, Martin J, Sinclair E, Asher AI: Plasma levels of bacterial DNA correlate with immune activation and the magnitude of immune restoration in persons with antiretroviral-treated HIV infection. J Infect Dis. 2009, 199: 1177-1185. 10.1086\/597476.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"1049_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001052","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001052","volume":"6","author":"JD Estes","year":"2010","unstructured":"Estes JD, Harris LD, Klatt NR, Tabb B, Pittaluga S, Paiardini M, Barclay GR, Smedley J, Pung R, Oliveira KM: Damaged intestinal epithelial integrity linked to microbial translocation in pathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus infections. PLoS Pathog. 2010, 6: e1001052-10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001052.","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"1049_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1086\/314660","volume":"179","author":"JV Giorgi","year":"1999","unstructured":"Giorgi JV, Hultin LE, McKeating JA, Johnson TD, Owens B, Jacobson LP, Shih R, Lewis J, Wiley DJ, Phair JP: Shorter survival in advanced human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection is more closely associated with T lymphocyte activation than with plasma virus burden or virus chemokine coreceptor usage. J Infect Dis. 1999, 179: 859-870. 10.1086\/314660.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"1049_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2035","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3283112d29","volume":"22","author":"G Marchetti","year":"2008","unstructured":"Marchetti G, Bellistri GM, Borghi E, Tincati C, Ferramosca S, La Francesca M, Morace G, Gori A, Monforte AD: Microbial translocation is associated with sustained failure in CD4+ T-cell reconstitution in HIV-infected patients on long-term highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS. 2008, 22: 2035-2038. 10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3283112d29.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"1049_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2006.00465.x","volume":"101","author":"LV McFarland","year":"2006","unstructured":"McFarland LV: Meta-analysis of probiotics for the prevention of antibiotic associated diarrhea and the treatment of Clostridium difficile disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006, 101: 812-822. 10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2006.00465.x.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"1049_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/125.6.1401","volume":"125","author":"GR Gibson","year":"1995","unstructured":"Gibson GR, Roberfroid MB: Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: introducing the concept of prebiotics. J Nutr. 1995, 125: 1401-1412.","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"1049_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G851","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00327.2009","volume":"298","author":"J Karczewski","year":"2010","unstructured":"Karczewski J, Troost FJ, Konings I, Dekker J, Kleerebezem M, Brummer RJ, Wells JM: Regulation of human epithelial tight junction proteins by Lactobacillus plantarum in vivo and protective effects on the epithelial barrier. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2010, 298: G851-G859. 10.1152\/ajpgi.00327.2009.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"1049_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G1140","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.90534.2008","volume":"296","author":"R Mennigen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mennigen R, Nolte K, Rijcken E, Utech M, Loeffler B, Senninger N, Bruewer M: Probiotic mixture VSL#3 protects the epithelial barrier by maintaining tight junction protein expression and preventing apoptosis in a murine model of colitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2009, 296: G1140-G1149. 10.1152\/ajpgi.90534.2008.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"1049_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-9-63","volume":"9","author":"H Qin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Qin H, Zhang Z, Hang X, Jiang Y: L. plantarum prevents enteroinvasive Escherichia coli-induced tight junction proteins changes in intestinal epithelial cells. BMC Microbiol. 2009, 9: 63-10.1186\/1471-2180-9-63.","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"1049_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2006.00836.x","volume":"9","author":"AA Zyrek","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zyrek AA, Cichon C, Helms S, Enders C, Sonnenborn U, Schmidt MA: Molecular mechanisms underlying the probiotic effects of Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 involve ZO-2 and PKCzeta redistribution resulting in tight junction and epithelial barrier repair. Cell Microbiol. 2007, 9: 804-816. 10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2006.00836.x.","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol"},{"key":"1049_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G315","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00265.2006","volume":"292","author":"C Caballero-Franco","year":"2007","unstructured":"Caballero-Franco C, Keller K, De Simone C, Chadee K: The VSL#3 probiotic formula induces mucin gene expression and secretion in colonic epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2007, 292: G315-G322.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"1049_CR26","first-page":"941","volume":"276","author":"DR Mack","year":"1999","unstructured":"Mack DR, Michail S, Wei S, McDougall L, Hollingsworth MA: Probiotics inhibit enteropathogenic E. coli adherence in vitro by inducing intestinal mucin gene expression. Am J Physiol. 1999, 276: 941-950.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"1049_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1007\/s00383-002-0855-7","volume":"18","author":"AF Mattar","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mattar AF, Teitelbaum DH, Drongowski RA, Yongyi F, Harmon CM, Coran AG: Probiotics up-regulate MUC-2 mucin gene expression in a Caco-2 cell-culture model. Pediatr Surg Int. 2002, 18: 586-590. 10.1007\/s00383-002-0855-7.","journal-title":"Pediatr Surg Int"},{"key":"1049_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0928-8244(03)00368-7","volume":"40","author":"A Altenhoefer","year":"2004","unstructured":"Altenhoefer A, Oswald S, Sonnenborn U, Enders C, Schulze J, Hacker J, Oelschlaeger TA: The probiotic Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917 interferes with invasion of human intestinal epithelial cells by different enteroinvasive bacterial pathogens. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2004, 40: 223-229. 10.1016\/S0928-8244(03)00368-7.","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol"},{"key":"1049_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.52.7.988","volume":"52","author":"S Resta-Lenert","year":"2003","unstructured":"Resta-Lenert S, Barrett KE: Live probiotics protect intestinal epithelial cells from the effects of infection with enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC). Gut. 2003, 52: 988-997. 10.1136\/gut.52.7.988.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"1049_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s004300100095","volume":"190","author":"HS Gill","year":"2001","unstructured":"Gill HS, Shu Q, Lin H, Rutherfurd KJ, Cross ML: Protection against translocating Salmonella typhimurium infection in mice by feeding the immuno-enhancing probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain HN001. Med Microbiol Immunol. 2001, 190: 97-104.","journal-title":"Med Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"1049_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20194","volume":"39","author":"Q Liu","year":"2004","unstructured":"Liu Q, Duan ZP, Ha DK, Bengmark S, Kurtovic J, Riordan SM: Synbiotic modulation of gut flora: effect on minimal hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2004, 39: 1441-1449. 10.1002\/hep.20194.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"1049_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2007.07.002","volume":"23","author":"X Ruan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ruan X, Shi H, Xia G, Xiao Y, Dong J, Ming F, Wang S: Encapsulated Bifidobacteria reduced bacterial translocation in rats following hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation. Nutrition. 2007, 23: 754-761. 10.1016\/j.nut.2007.07.002.","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"1049_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2006.10.007","volume":"141","author":"LP van Minnen","year":"2007","unstructured":"van Minnen LP, Timmerman HM, Lutgendorff F, Verheem A, Harmsen W, Konstantinov SR, Smidt H, Visser MR, Rijkers GT, Gooszen HG, Akkermans LM: Modification of intestinal flora with multispecies probiotics reduces bacterial translocation and improves clinical course in a rat model of acute pancreatitis. Surgery. 2007, 141: 470-480. 10.1016\/j.surg.2006.10.007.","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"1049_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2005.080739","volume":"55","author":"M Zareie","year":"2006","unstructured":"Zareie M, Johnson-Henry K, Jury J, Yang PC, Ngan BY, McKay DM, Soderholm JD, Perdue MH, Sherman PM: Probiotics prevent bacterial translocation and improve intestinal barrier function in rats following chronic psychological stress. Gut. 2006, 55: 1553-1560. 10.1136\/gut.2005.080739.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"1049_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1848","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-005-0653-1","volume":"30","author":"K Kotzampassi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kotzampassi K, Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Voudouris A, Kazamias P, Eleftheriadis E: Benefits of a synbiotic formula (Synbiotic 2000Forte) in critically Ill trauma patients: early results of a randomized controlled trial. World J Surg. 2006, 30: 1848-1855. 10.1007\/s00268-005-0653-1.","journal-title":"World J Surg"},{"key":"1049_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sla.0000259442.78947.19","volume":"246","author":"N Rayes","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rayes N, Seehofer D, Theruvath T, Mogl M, Langrehr JM, Nussler NC, Bengmark S, Neuhaus P: Effect of enteral nutrition and synbiotics on bacterial infection rates after pylorus-preserving pancreatoduodenectomy: a randomized, double-blind trial. Ann Surg. 2007, 246: 36-41. 10.1097\/01.sla.0000259442.78947.19.","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"1049_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2004.00649.x","volume":"5","author":"N Rayes","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rayes N, Seehofer D, Theruvath T, Schiller RA, Langrehr JM, Jonas S, Bengmark S, Neuhaus P: Supply of pre- and probiotics reduces bacterial infection rates after liver transplantation\u2013a randomized, double-blind trial. Am J Transplant. 2005, 5: 125-130. 10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2004.00649.x.","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"1049_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e7401","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0007401","volume":"4","author":"Y Wang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wang Y, Qian PY: Conservative fragments in bacterial 16S rRNA genes and primer design for 16S ribosomal DNA amplicons in metagenomic studies. PLoS One. 2009, 4: e7401-10.1371\/journal.pone.0007401.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"1049_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e120","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkm541","volume":"35","author":"Z Liu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Liu Z, Lozupone C, Hamady M, Bushman FD, Knight R: Short pyrosequencing reads suffice for accurate microbial community analysis. Nucleic Acids Res. 2007, 35: e120-10.1093\/nar\/gkm541.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"1049_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.1.64","volume":"166","author":"B Lau","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lau B, Sharrett AR, Kingsley LA, Post W, Palella FJ, Visscher B, Gange SJ: C-reactive protein is a marker for human immunodeficiency virus disease progression. Arch Intern Med. 2006, 166: 64-70. 10.1001\/archinte.166.1.64.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"1049_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2084","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V92.6.2084.418k26_2084_2092","volume":"92","author":"E Lien","year":"1998","unstructured":"Lien E, Aukrust P, Sundan A, Muller F, Froland SS, Espevik T: Elevated levels of serum-soluble CD14 in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection: correlation to disease progression and clinical events. Blood. 1998, 92: 2084-2092.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"1049_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.3109\/08830185.2010.505310","volume":"29","author":"R Hummelen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hummelen R, Vos AP, van't Land B, van Norren K, Reid G: Altered host-microbe interaction in HIV: a target for intervention with pro- and prebiotics. Int Rev Immunol. 2010, 29: 485-513. 10.3109\/08830185.2010.505310.","journal-title":"Int Rev Immunol"},{"key":"1049_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmm066","volume":"54","author":"L Trois","year":"2008","unstructured":"Trois L, Cardoso EM, Miura E: Use of probiotics in HIV-infected children: a randomized double-blind controlled study. J Trop Pediatr. 2008, 54: 19-24.","journal-title":"J Trop Pediatr"},{"key":"1049_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e201","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e3181d8fba8","volume":"44","author":"SL Irvine","year":"2010","unstructured":"Irvine SL, Hummelen R, Hekmat S, Looman CW, Habbema JD, Reid G: Probiotic yogurt consumption is associated with an increase of CD4 count among people living with HIV\/AIDS. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2010, 44: e201-e205. 10.1097\/MCG.0b013e3181d8fba8.","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"1049_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e31802c7465","volume":"42","author":"KC Anukam","year":"2008","unstructured":"Anukam KC, Osazuwa EO, Osadolor HB, Bruce AW, Reid G: Yogurt containing probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and L. reuteri RC-14 helps resolve moderate diarrhea and increases CD4 count in HIV\/AIDS patients. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2008, 42: 239-243.","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"1049_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.2.2.15787","volume":"2","author":"R Hummelen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hummelen R, Changalucha J, Butamanya NL, Koyama TE, Cook A, Habbema JD, Reid G: Effect of 25\u2009weeks probiotic supplementation on immune function of HIV patients. Gut Microbes. 2011, 2: 80-85. 10.4161\/gmic.2.2.15787.","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"1049_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2011.15","volume":"4","author":"A Gori","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gori A, Rizzardini G, Van't Land B, Amor KB, van Schaik J, Torti C, Quirino T, Tincati C, Bandera A, Knol J: Specific prebiotics modulate gut microbiota and immune activation in HAART-naive HIV-infected adults: results of the \"COPA\" pilot randomized trial. Mucosal Immunol. 2011, 4: 554-563. 10.1038\/mi.2011.15.","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"1049_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.b.20144","volume":"72","author":"M Almeida","year":"2007","unstructured":"Almeida M, Cordero M, Almeida J, Orfao A: Relationship between CD38 expression on peripheral blood T-cells and monocytes, and response to antiretroviral therapy: a one-year longitudinal study of a cohort of chronically infected ART-naive HIV-1+ patients. Cytometry B Clin Cytom. 2007, 72: 22-33.","journal-title":"Cytometry B Clin Cytom"}],"container-title":["BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1472-6882-12-84.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1472-6882-12-84\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1472-6882-12-84.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T15:25:21Z","timestamp":1630509921000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmccomplementalternmed.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1472-6882-12-84"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,29]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1049"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1472-6882-12-84","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.717960961.793495228","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1472-6882"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6882","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 March 2012","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 June 2012","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 June 2012","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"84"}}