{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T13:00:18Z","timestamp":1778504418681,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,11]],"date-time":"2013-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1368230400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Complement Altern Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Microbial infections and resulting inflammation and oxidative stress are common pathogenesis of gastrointestinal tract (GIT) disorders. In South Africa, several species of the genus <jats:italic>Maytenus<\/jats:italic> are used in traditional medicine to treat various infectious diseases. Most of the previous work on this genus was focused on nonpolar extracts from the root and bark. In this study, leaf extracts of polar extracts of <jats:italic>Maytenus peduncularis<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Maytenus procumbens<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Maytenus senegalensis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Maytenus undata<\/jats:italic> were evaluated for antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities to determine their efficacy as therapeutic agents in GIT disorders.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Phenolic-enriched leaf extracts and fractions were prepared by extracting with acidified 70% methanol and solvent-solvent fractionation. The activities of the fractions against <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic> as well as clinical isolates of <jats:italic>Aspergillus fumigatus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Cryptococcus neoformans<\/jats:italic> were determined using a serial microplate dilution method. Antioxidant activities were determined using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), hydroxyl (OH) radical scavenging and linoleic acid peroxidation inhibitory assays. The phenolic composition as well as the cytotoxicity against Vero cell lines of the crude extracts was evaluated using various standard protocols.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The antimicrobial activities were concentrated in the non-polar fractions of hexane, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate (MICs 19\u2013312\u00a0\u03bcg\/ml). The crude extracts and polar fractions (butanol and water) had moderate to poor antimicrobial activity (MICs 312 to above 2500\u00a0\u03bcg\/ml). The crude extracts and polar fractions had good antioxidant activity (EC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> values varied from 1.22 to 607\u00a0\u03bcg\/ml, 1.71 to 312\u00a0\u03bcg\/ml and 23 to 284\u00a0\u03bcg\/ml for DPPH, ABTS and OH respectively. Linoleic acid peroxidation inhibition EC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> values of the crude extracts ranged between 27 and 39\u00a0\u03bcg\/ml with relatively low toxicity against Vero cell lines (IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> values 87 to 187\u00a0\u03bcg\/ml). Fractionation of a crude extract with low activity could lead to fractions with more potent activity.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This study justifies the traditional use of leaf crude extracts and fractions from these four plants to remedy gastrointestinal disorders resulting from infection, inflammation and oxidative stress complications. The study also provides rationale for the use of leaf extracts with same beneficial effects in place of unsustainable root and bark harvest.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-13-100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,11]],"date-time":"2013-05-11T18:14:33Z","timestamp":1368296073000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Evaluation of pharmacological activities, cytotoxicity and phenolic composition of four Maytenus species used in southern African traditional medicine to treat intestinal infections and diarrhoeal diseases"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Aroke Shahid","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lyndy J","family":"McGaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacobus N","family":"Eloff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"1433_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2009.04.005","volume":"23","author":"J-D Schulzke","year":"2009","unstructured":"Schulzke J-D, Troger H, Amasheh M: Disorders of intestinal secretion and absorption. Best Practice & Res Clin Gastroenter. 2009, 23: 395-406. 10.1016\/j.bpg.2009.04.005.","journal-title":"Best Practice & Res Clin Gastroenter"},{"key":"1433_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2011.07.088","volume":"130","author":"A Sakunpak","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sakunpak A, Panichayupakaranant P: Antibacterial activity of Thai edible plants against gastrointestinal pathogenic bacteria and isolation of a new broad spectrum antibacterial polyisoprenylated benzophenone, chamuangone. Food Chem. 2012, 130: 826-831. 10.1016\/j.foodchem.2011.07.088.","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"1433_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S78","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.046","volume":"130","author":"EMM Quigley","year":"2006","unstructured":"Quigley EMM, Quera R: Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth: Roles of Antibiotics, Prebiotics, and Probiotics. Gastroenter. 2006, 130: S78-S90. 10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.046.","journal-title":"Gastroenter"},{"issue":"4","key":"1433_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mpmed.2011.01.008","volume":"39","author":"P Kelly","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kelly P: Infectious diarrhoea. Medicine. 2011, 39 (4): 201-206. 10.1016\/j.mpmed.2011.01.008.","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"1433_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-7069(03)09003-7","volume-title":"Viral gastroenteritis","author":"F Michelangeli","year":"2003","unstructured":"Michelangeli F, Ruiz MC: Physiology and pathology of the gut in relation to viral diarrhoea. Viral gastroenteritis. Edited by: Desselberger U, Gray J. 2003, Amsterdam: Elservier Science BV, 23-50."},{"key":"1433_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)15599-2","volume":"363","author":"N Thapar","year":"2004","unstructured":"Thapar N, Sanderson IR: Diarrhoea in children: an interface between developing and developed countries. Lancet. 2004, 363: 641-53. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)15599-2.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1433_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI34005","volume":"118","author":"WA Petri Jr","year":"2008","unstructured":"Petri WA, Miller M, Binder HJ, Levine MM, Dillingham R, Guerrant RL: Enteric infections, diarrhea, and their impact on function and development. J Clin Invest. 2008, 118: 1277-1290. 10.1172\/JCI34005.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"1433_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1952","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.12.073","volume":"136","author":"JP Cello","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cello JP, Day LW: Idiopathic AIDS enteropathy and treatment of gastrointestinal opportunistic pathogens. Gastroenter. 2009, 136: 1952-65. 10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.12.073.","journal-title":"Gastroenter"},{"key":"1433_CR9","first-page":"1","volume-title":"World Health Organization","author":"WHO, World Health Report 2003","year":"2003","unstructured":"WHO, World Health Report 2003: World Health Organization. 2003, Geneva, Switzerland: WHO Publications Office, 1-50."},{"issue":"3","key":"1433_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(02)00853-5","volume":"33","author":"KP Pavlick","year":"2002","unstructured":"Pavlick KP, Laroux FS, Fuseler J, Wolf RE, Gray L, Hoffman J, Grisham MB: Role of reactive metabolites of oxygen and nitrogen in inflammatory bowel disease. Free Radic Biol Med. 2002, 33 (3): 311-322. 10.1016\/S0891-5849(02)00853-5.","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"1433_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2010.06.003","volume":"8","author":"E Sebastian","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sebastian E, Winter SE, Keestra AM, Tsolis RM, Baumler AJ: The Blessings and Curses of Intestinal Inflammation. Cell Host Microbe. 2010, 8: 36-42. 10.1016\/j.chom.2010.06.003.","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"1433_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4439(98)00022-2","volume":"1407","author":"S Gorowara","year":"1998","unstructured":"Gorowara S, Sapru S, Ganguly NK: Role of intracellular second messengers and ROS in the pathophysiology of V. cholerae 0139 treated rabbit ileum. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1998, 1407: 21-30. 10.1016\/S0925-4439(98)00022-2.","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"1433_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00914274","volume":"14","author":"MB Grisham","year":"1990","unstructured":"Grisham MB, Gaginella TS, von Ritter C, Tamai H, Be RM, Granger DN: Effects of neutrophil-derived oxidants on intestinal permeability, electrolyte transport, and epithelial cell viability. Inflammation. 1990, 14: 531-42. 10.1007\/BF00914274.","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"1433_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0304196","volume":"76","author":"J Segui","year":"2004","unstructured":"Segui J, Gironella M, Sans M, Granell S, Gil F, Gimeno M: Superoxide dismutase ameliorates TNBS-induced colitis by reducing oxidative stress, adhesion molecule expression, and leukocyte recruitment into the inflamed intestine. J Leukoc Bio. 2004, 76: 537-44. 10.1189\/jlb.0304196.","journal-title":"J Leukoc Bio"},{"key":"1433_CR15","first-page":"856","volume":"32","author":"NT Anh","year":"2001","unstructured":"Anh NT, Cam PD, Dalsgaard A: Antimicrobial resistance of Shigella spp isolated from diarrhoeal patients between 1989 and 1998 in Vietnam. Southeast Asian J Tropical Medical Public Health. 2001, 32: 856-862.","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Tropical Medical Public Health"},{"key":"1433_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08162-X","volume":"359","author":"PK Dimitrios","year":"2002","unstructured":"Dimitrios PK, Russell EL: Antifungal drug resistance of pathogenic fungi. Lancet. 2002, 359: 1135-1144. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08162-X.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1433_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2003.68.666","volume":"68","author":"T Periska","year":"2003","unstructured":"Periska T, Murad L, Decy S, Nunung M, Shinta K, Wasis S, Cyrus HS, Narain P, James RC, William KA, James HB, Andrew LC, Buhari AO: Antimicrobial resistance of bacterial pathogens associated with diarrhoeal patients in Indonesia. Amer J Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2003, 68: 666-670.","journal-title":"Amer J Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"1433_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2011.08.017","volume":"44","author":"JR Chambers","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chambers JR, Gong J: The intestinal microbiota and its modulation for Salmonella control in chickens. Food Res Int. 2011, 44: 3149-3159. 10.1016\/j.foodres.2011.08.017.","journal-title":"Food Res Int"},{"key":"1433_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8741(95)01276-J","volume":"48","author":"RB Bhat","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bhat RB, Jacobs TV: Traditional herbal medicine in Transkei. J Ethnopharmacol. 1995, 48: 7-12. 10.1016\/0378-8741(95)01276-J.","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"1433_CR20","volume-title":"The Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern and Eastern Africa","author":"JM Watt","year":"1962","unstructured":"Watt JM, Breyer-Brandwijk MG: The Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern and Eastern Africa. 1962, London: Livingstone, 2","edition":"2"},{"key":"1433_CR21","first-page":"649","volume":"23","author":"AG Gonzalez","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gonzalez AG, Bazzocchi IL, Moujir L, Jimenez IA: Ethnobotanical uses of Celastraceae: Bioactive metabolites studies. Nat Prod Chem. 2000, 23: 649-738.","journal-title":"Nat Prod Chem"},{"key":"1433_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2012.09.005","volume":"51","author":"S Momtaz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Momtaz S, Hussein AA, Ostad SN, Abdollahi M, Lall N:Growth inhibition and induction of apoptosis in human cancerous HeLa cells byMaytenusprocumbens.Food Chem Toxicol. 2013, 51: 38-45.","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"1433_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2007.03.004","volume":"73","author":"CN Muthaura","year":"2007","unstructured":"Muthaura CN, Rukunga GM, Chabra SC, Mungai GM, Njagi ENM: Traditional phytotherapy of some remedies used in treatment of malaria in Meru district of Kenya. S Afr J Bot. 2007, 73: 402-411. 10.1016\/j.sajb.2007.03.004.","journal-title":"S Afr J Bot"},{"issue":"7","key":"1433_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327110379242","volume":"30","author":"G da Silva","year":"2010","unstructured":"da Silva G, Tamia M, Rocha J, Serrona R, Gomes ET, Sepodea B, Silva O: In vivo Anti-inflammatory effect and toxicological screening of Maytenus heterophylla and Maytenus senegalensis extracts. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2010, 30 (7): 693-700.","journal-title":"Hum Exp Toxicol"},{"key":"1433_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(03)00107-7","volume":"87","author":"EN Matu","year":"2003","unstructured":"Matu EN, van Staden J: Antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activity of some plants used for medical purposes in Kenya. J Ethnopharmacol. 2003, 87: 35-41. 10.1016\/S0378-8741(03)00107-7.","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"1433_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2007.08.015","volume":"74","author":"WM Kon\u00e9","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kon\u00e9 WM, Atindehou KK: Ethnobotanical inventory of medicinal plants used in traditional veterinary medicine in Northern C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire (West Africa). S Afri J Bot. 2008, 74: 76-84. 10.1016\/j.sajb.2007.08.015.","journal-title":"S Afri J Bot"},{"key":"1433_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2008.06.013","volume":"119","author":"LJ McGaw","year":"2008","unstructured":"McGaw LJ, Eloff JN: Ethnoveterinary use of Southern African plants and scientific evaluation of their medicinal properties. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008, 119: 559-574. 10.1016\/j.jep.2008.06.013.","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"1433_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(04)01409-8","volume":"1054","author":"M Naczk","year":"2004","unstructured":"Naczk M, Shahidi F: Extraction and analysis of phenolics in food. J Chromatography A. 2004, 1054: 95-111.","journal-title":"J Chromatography A"},{"key":"1433_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1053\/j.spid.2006.06.006","volume":"17","author":"KM Butler","year":"2006","unstructured":"Butler KM: Enterococcal Infection in Children. Seminar Pediat Infect Dis. 2006, 17: 128-139. 10.1053\/j.spid.2006.06.006.","journal-title":"Seminar Pediat Infect Dis"},{"key":"1433_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1605(00)00377-9","volume":"61","author":"N Balaban","year":"2000","unstructured":"Balaban N, Rasooly A: Staphylococcal enterotoxins. Int J Food Microbiol. 2000, 61: 1-10. 10.1016\/S0168-1605(00)00377-9.","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol"},{"key":"1433_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.11.1.142","volume":"11","author":"JP Nataro","year":"1998","unstructured":"Nataro JP, Kaper JB: Diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1998, 11: 142-201.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"1433_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2011.10.004","volume":"16","author":"MA Garbati","year":"2012","unstructured":"Garbati MA, Alasmari FA, Al-Tannir MA, Tleyjeh IM: The role of combination antifungal therapy in the treatment of invasive aspergillosis: a systematic review. Int J Infect Dis. 2012, 16: e76-e81.","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"1433_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mpmed.2012.03.013","volume":"40","author":"RJ Jose","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jose RJ, Brown JS: Opportunistic and fungal infections of the lung. Medicine. 2012, 40 (6): 335-339.","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"1433_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2011.04.010","volume":"301","author":"PF Zipfel","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zipfel PF, Skerka C, Kupka D, Luo S: Immune escape of the human facultative pathogenic yeast Candida albicans: The many faces of the Candida Pra1 protein. Int J Med Microb. 2011, 301: 423-430. 10.1016\/j.ijmm.2011.04.010.","journal-title":"Int J Med Microb"},{"key":"1433_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00446998","volume":"110","author":"P Talwar","year":"1990","unstructured":"Talwar P, Chakrabarti A, Chawla A, Mehta S, Walia BNS, Kumar L, Chugh KS: Fundal diarrhoea: Association of different fungi and seasonal variation in incidence. Mycopathologia. 1990, 110: 101-105. 10.1007\/BF00446998.","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"1433_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2004.03.007","volume":"51","author":"T Franquet","year":"2004","unstructured":"Franquet T, Gim\u00e9nez A, Hidalgo A: Imaging of opportunistic fungal infections in immunocompromised patient. Eur J Radiol. 2004, 51: 130-138. 10.1016\/j.ejrad.2004.03.007.","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1433_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mpmed.2008.03.010","volume":"36","author":"S Goldenberg","year":"2008","unstructured":"Goldenberg S, Price N: Opportunistic fungal lung infections. Medicine. 2008, 36 (6): 295-299. 10.1016\/j.mpmed.2008.03.010.","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"1433_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2010.11.008","volume":"84","author":"M Othman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Othman M, Loh HS, Wiart C, Khoo TJ, Lim KH, Ting KN: Optimal methods for evaluating antimicrobial activities from plant extracts. J Microbiol Methods. 2011, 84: 161-166. 10.1016\/j.mimet.2010.11.008.","journal-title":"J Microbiol Methods"},{"key":"1433_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-957563","volume":"64","author":"JN Eloff","year":"1998","unstructured":"Eloff JN: A sensitive and quick microplate method to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration of plant extracts for bacteria. Planta Med. 1998, 64: 711-713. 10.1055\/s-2006-957563.","journal-title":"Planta Med"},{"key":"1433_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0023-6438(95)80008-5","volume":"28","author":"W Brand-Williams","year":"1995","unstructured":"Brand-Williams W, Cuvelier ME, Berset C: Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. Lebensmittel Wissenschaftund Technologie. 1995, 28: 25-30.","journal-title":"Lebensmittel Wissenschaftund Technologie"},{"key":"1433_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2006.09.010","volume":"73","author":"P Masoko","year":"2007","unstructured":"Masoko P, Picard J, Eloff JN: The antifungal activities of twenty-four Southern Africa Combretum species (Combretaceae). S Afr J Bot. 2007, 73: 173-183. 10.1016\/j.sajb.2006.09.010.","journal-title":"S Afr J Bot"},{"issue":"9\/10","key":"1433_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(98)00315-3","volume":"26","author":"R Re","year":"1999","unstructured":"Re R, Pellegrini N, Proteggente A, Pannala A, Yang M, Rice-Evans C: Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolourization assay. Free Radic Biol Med. 1999, 26 (9\/10): 1231-1237.","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"1433_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9422(89)80182-7","volume":"28","author":"N Smirnoff","year":"1999","unstructured":"Smirnoff N, Cumbes OJ: Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of compatible solutes. Phytochemistry. 1999, 28: 1057-1060.","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"1433_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2009.10.058","volume":"120","author":"MN Xanthopoulou","year":"2010","unstructured":"Xanthopoulou MN, Fragopoulou E, Kalathara K, Nomikos T, Karantonis HC, Antonopoulou S: Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of red and white wine extracts. Food Chem. 2010, 120: 665-672. 10.1016\/j.foodchem.2009.10.058.","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"1433_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-4622(91)87005-P","volume":"40","author":"S Xun","year":"1991","unstructured":"Xun S, Tian Jingdong T, Zhaonan Z, Xinyuan L: Chemiluminescence study on the peroxidation of linoleic acid initiated by the reaction of ferrous iron with hydrogen peroxide. Biophys Chem. 1991, 40: 161-167. 10.1016\/0301-4622(91)87005-P.","journal-title":"Biophys Chem"},{"key":"1433_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(83)90303-4","volume":"65","author":"T Mosmann","year":"1983","unstructured":"Mosmann T: Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. J Immunol Methods. 1983, 65: 55-63. 10.1016\/0022-1759(83)90303-4.","journal-title":"J Immunol Methods"},{"key":"1433_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-0273-7","volume-title":"Quantification of tannins in tree and foliage- a laboratory manual","author":"HPS Makkar","year":"2003","unstructured":"Makkar HPS: Quantification of tannins in tree and foliage- a laboratory manual. 2003, The Netherland: Klumer Academic Press Dordrecht"},{"key":"1433_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2005.07.057","volume":"99","author":"D Heimler","year":"2006","unstructured":"Heimler D, Vignolini P, Dini MD, Vincieri FF, Romani A: Antiradical activity and polyphenol composition of local Brassicaceae edible varieties. Food Chemy. 2006, 99: 464-469. 10.1016\/j.foodchem.2005.07.057.","journal-title":"Food Chemy"},{"key":"1433_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-5164-7_4","volume-title":"Phenolic Compounds Biochemistry","author":"W Vermerris","year":"2006","unstructured":"Vermerris W, Nicholson R: Phenolic Compounds Biochemistry. 2006, New York: Publisher Springer, 151-196."},{"issue":"4","key":"1433_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2008.11.005","volume":"114","author":"ESS Abdel-Hameed","year":"2009","unstructured":"Abdel-Hameed ESS: Total phenolic contents and free radical scavenging activity of certain Egyptian Ficus species leaf samples. Food Chem. 2009, 114 (4): 1271-1277. 10.1016\/j.foodchem.2008.11.005.","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"1433_CR51","first-page":"159","volume":"4","author":"IM Lyckander","year":"1992","unstructured":"Lyckander IM, Malterud KE: Lipophilic flavonoids from Orthosiphon spicatus as inhibitors of 15-lipoxygenase. Acta Pharm Nord. 1992, 4: 159-166.","journal-title":"Acta Pharm Nord"},{"key":"1433_CR52","first-page":"1100","volume":"90","author":"GH Naik","year":"2006","unstructured":"Naik GH, Priyadarsini KI, Hari M: Free radical scavenging reactions and phytochemical analysis of triphala, an ayurvedic formulation. Curr Sci. 2006, 90: 1100-1105.","journal-title":"Curr Sci"},{"key":"1433_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2005.01.004","volume":"98","author":"GN Zirihi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Zirihi GN, Mambu L, Guede-Guina F, Bodo B, Grellier P: In vitro antiplasmodial activity and cytotoxicity of 33 West African plants used for treatment of malaria. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005, 98: 281-285. 10.1016\/j.jep.2005.01.004.","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"1433_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2007.07.016","volume":"55","author":"LA Marcos","year":"2007","unstructured":"Marcos LA, Dupont HL: Advances in defining aetiology and new therapeutic approaches in acute diarrhea. J Infect. 2007, 55: 385-393. 10.1016\/j.jinf.2007.07.016.","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"1433_CR55","first-page":"07","volume":"2","author":"JH Doughari","year":"2008","unstructured":"Doughari JH, El-mahmood AM, Tyoyina I: Antimicrobial activity of leaf extracts of Senna obtusufolia L. Afr J Pharm Pharmacol. 2008, 2: 07-013.","journal-title":"Afr J Pharm Pharmacol"},{"key":"1433_CR56","first-page":"123","volume":"2","author":"A Sharma","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sharma A, Patel VK, Rawat S, Ramteke P, Verma R: Identification of antibacterial component of some Indian medicinal plants against Klebsiella pneumoniae. Int J Pharm Pharmaceut Sci. 2010, 2: 123-127.","journal-title":"Int J Pharm Pharmaceut Sci"},{"key":"1433_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8741(94)01181-8","volume":"44","author":"AK Agarwal","year":"1994","unstructured":"Agarwal AK, Singh M, Gupta N, Saxena R, Puri A, Verma AK, Saxena RP, Dubey CB, Saxena KC: Management of giardiasis by an immunomodulatory herbal drug Pippali rassayana. J Ethnopharmacol. 1994, 44: 143-146. 10.1016\/0378-8741(94)01181-8.","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"1433_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(97)00037-8","volume":"56","author":"AK Agrawal","year":"1997","unstructured":"Agrawal AK, Tripathi DM, Sahai R, Gupta N, Saxena RP, Puri A, Singh M, Misra RN, Dubey CB, Saxena KC: Management of giardiasis by a herbal drug \u2018Pippali rasayana\u2019: a clinical study. J Ethnopharmacol. 1997, 56: 233-236. 10.1016\/S0378-8741(97)00037-8.","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"1433_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2007.05.031","volume":"113","author":"JC Chen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chen JC, Chang YS, Wu SL, Chao DC, Chang CS, Li CC, Ho TY, Hsiang CY: Inhibition of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin-induced diarrhea by Chaenomeles speciosa. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007, 113: 233-239. 10.1016\/j.jep.2007.05.031.","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"1433_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2387","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.6.2387-2398.2005","volume":"49","author":"IAJM Bakker-Woudenberg","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bakker-Woudenberg IAJM, van Vianen W, van Soolingen D, Verbrugh HA, van Agtmael MA: Antimycobacterial agents differ with respect to their bacteriostatic versus bactericidal activities in relation to time of exposure, mycobacterial growth phase, and their use in combination. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005, 49: 2387-2398. 10.1128\/AAC.49.6.2387-2398.2005.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"1433_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2005.12.011","volume":"72","author":"KL Lindsey","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lindsey KL, Budesinsky M, Kohout L, van Stade J: Antibacterial activity of maytenoic acid isolated from the root-bark of Maytenus senegalensis (Lam.) Exell. S Afr J Bot. 2006, 72: 473-477. 10.1016\/j.sajb.2005.12.011.","journal-title":"S Afr J Bot"},{"key":"1433_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.3998\/ark.5550190.0008.915","volume":"ix","author":"SA Khalid","year":"2007","unstructured":"Khalid SA, Friedrichsen GM, Christensen SB, El Tahir A, Satti GM: Isolation and characterization of pristimerin as the antiplasmodial and antileishmanial agent of Maytenus senegalensis (Lam.) Exell. ARKIVOC. 2007, ix: 129-134.","journal-title":"ARKIVOC"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"1433_CR63","first-page":"11","volume":"111","author":"P Kakkar","year":"1992","unstructured":"Kakkar P, Mehrotra S, Viswanathan PN: Interrelation of active oxygen species, membrane damage and altered calcium functions. Molecular cell Biochem. 1992, 111 (1\u20132): 11-15.","journal-title":"Molecular cell Biochem"},{"key":"1433_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-5849(91)90192-6","volume":"11","author":"H Esterbauer","year":"1991","unstructured":"Esterbauer H, Schaur RJ, Zollner H: Chemistry and biochemistry of 4-hydroxynonenal, malonaldehyde and related aldehydes. Free Radic Biol Med. 1991, 11: 81-128. 10.1016\/0891-5849(91)90192-6.","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"1433_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2010.07.005","volume":"50","author":"MJ Stables","year":"2011","unstructured":"Stables MJ, Gilroy DW: Old and new generation lipid mediators in acute inflammation and resolution. Prog Lipid Res. 2011, 50: 35-51. 10.1016\/j.plipres.2010.07.005.","journal-title":"Prog Lipid Res"},{"key":"1433_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(95)90772-6","volume":"109","author":"ST Gaginella","year":"1995","unstructured":"Gaginella ST, Kachur JF, Tamai H, Kershavarzian A: Reactive oxygen and Nitrogen metabolites as mediators of Secretory Diarrhea. Gastroenter. 1995, 109: 2019-2028. 10.1016\/0016-5085(95)90772-6.","journal-title":"Gastroenter"},{"key":"1433_CR67","first-page":"597","volume":"5","author":"JH Doughari","year":"2006","unstructured":"Doughari JH: Antimicrobial activity of Tamarindus indica Linn. Trop J Pharmaceut Res. 2006, 5: 597-603.","journal-title":"Trop J Pharmaceut Res"},{"key":"1433_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-9255-4-15","volume":"4","author":"L Rackova","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rackova L, Oblozinsky M, Kostalova D, Kettmann V, Bezakova L: Free radical scavenging activity and lipoxygenase inhibition of Mahonia aquifolium extract and isoquinoline alkaloids. J inflammation. 2007, 4: 15-10.1186\/1476-9255-4-15.","journal-title":"J inflammation"},{"key":"1433_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1021\/np990456y","volume":"63","author":"I Muhammed","year":"2000","unstructured":"Muhammed I, El-Sayed KA, Mossa JS, Al-Said MS, El-Feraly FS, Clark AM, Hufford CD, Oh S, Mayer AMS: Bioactive 12-Olaenene triterpene and secotriterpene acids from Maytenus undata. J Nat Prod. 2000, 63: 605-610. 10.1021\/np990456y.","journal-title":"J Nat Prod"},{"key":"1433_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mpg.0000239992.12646.df","volume":"43","author":"MJ Bruins","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bruins MJ, Cermak R, Kiers JL, van der Meulen J, van Amelsvoort JM, van Klinken BJ: In vivo and in vitro effects of tea extracts on enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli-induced intestinal fluid loss in animal models. J Paediat, Gastroenter Nutr. 2006, 43: 459-469. 10.1097\/01.mpg.0000239992.12646.df.","journal-title":"J Paediat, Gastroenter Nutr"}],"container-title":["BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1472-6882-13-100.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1472-6882-13-100\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1472-6882-13-100","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1472-6882-13-100.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,2]],"date-time":"2021-09-02T00:45:25Z","timestamp":1630543525000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmccomplementalternmed.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1472-6882-13-100"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,11]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1433"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1472-6882-13-100","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6882"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6882","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 December 2012","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 May 2013","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 May 2013","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"100"}}