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The present study examined inhibitory activity of purified xanthones and crude extracts from <jats:italic>Garcinia mangostana<\/jats:italic> against both non-pathogenic and pathogenic leptospira. Synergy between \u03b3-mangostin and penicillin G against leptospires was also determined.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of crude extracts and purified xanthones from <jats:italic>G<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>mangostana<\/jats:italic> and penicillin G for a non-pathogenic (<jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>biflexa<\/jats:italic> serovar Patoc) and pathogenic (<jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>interrogans<\/jats:italic> serovar Bataviae, Autumnalis, Javanica and Saigon) leptospires were determined by using broth microdilution method and alamar blue. The synergy was evaluated by calculating the fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The results of broth microdilution test demonstrated that the crude extract and purified xanthones from mangosteen possessed antileptospiral activities. The crude extracts were active against all five serovars of test leptospira with MICs ranging from 200 to\u2009\u2265\u2009800\u00a0\u03bcg\/ml. Among the crude extracts and purified xanthones, garcinone C was the most active compound against both of pathogenic (MIC =100\u00a0\u03bcg\/ml) and non-pathogenic leptospira (MIC\u2009=\u2009200\u00a0\u03bcg\/ml). However, these MIC values were higher than those of traditional antibiotics. Combinations of \u03b3-mangostin with penicillin G generated synergistic effect against <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>interrogans<\/jats:italic> serovars Bataviae, Autumnalis and Javanica (FIC\u2009=\u20090.52, 0.50, and 0.04, respectively) and no interaction against <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>biflexa<\/jats:italic> serovar Patoc (FIC =0.75). However, antagonistic activity (FIC\u2009=\u20094.03) was observed in <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>interrogans<\/jats:italic> serovar Saigon.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Crude extracts and purified xanthones from fruit pericarp of <jats:italic>G<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>mangostana<\/jats:italic> with significant antibacterial activity may be used to control leptospirosis. The combination of xanthone with antibiotic enhances the antileptospiral efficacy.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-13-182","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,19]],"date-time":"2013-07-19T08:14:31Z","timestamp":1374221671000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Antileptospiral activity of xanthones from Garcinia mangostanaand synergy of gamma-mangostin with penicillin G"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Weeranuch","family":"Seesom","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amornmart","family":"Jaratrungtawee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sunit","family":"Suksamrarn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chantana","family":"Mekseepralard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Piniti","family":"Ratananukul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wasana","family":"Sukhumsirichart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"1453_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.03.012","volume":"140","author":"B Adler","year":"2010","unstructured":"Adler B, de la Pena Moctezuma A: Leptospira and leptospirosis. 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