{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T21:06:08Z","timestamp":1790024768727,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,12]],"date-time":"2014-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1389484800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Complement Altern Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Plumbagin is the major active constituent in several plants including <jats:italic>Plumbago indica<\/jats:italic> Linn. (root). This compound has been shown to exhibit a wide spectrum of biological and pharmacological activities. The present study aimed to evaluate the <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> antimalarial activity of plumbagin including its acute and subacute toxicity in mice.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic> antimalarial activity of plumbagin against K1 and <jats:italic>3D7 Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic> clones were assessed using SYBR Green I based assay. <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic> antimalarial activity was investigated in <jats:italic>Plasmodium berghei-<\/jats:italic> infected mouse model (a 4-day suppressive test).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Plumbagin exhibited promising antimalarial activity with <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> (concentration that inhibits parasite growth to 50%) against 3D7 chloroquine-sensitive <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> and K1 chloroquine-resistant <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> clones of 580 (270\u2013640) and 370 (270\u2013490) nM, respectively. Toxicity testing indicated relatively low toxicity at the dose levels up to 100 (single oral dose) and 25 (daily doses for 14 days) mg\/kg body weight for acute and subacute toxicity, respectively. Chloroquine exhibited the most potent antimalarial activity in mice infected with <jats:italic>P. berghei<\/jats:italic> ANKA strain with respect to its activity on the reduction of parasitaemia on day 4 and the prolongation of survival time.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Plumbagin at the dose of 25\u00a0mg\/kg body weight given for 4 days was safe and produced weak antimalarial activity. Chemical derivatization of the parent compound or preparation of modified formulation is required to improve its systemic bioavailability.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-14-15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,12]],"date-time":"2014-01-12T02:01:18Z","timestamp":1389492078000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Antimalarial activity of plumbagin in vitro and in animal models"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Wiriyaporn","family":"Sumsakul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tullayakorn","family":"Plengsuriyakarn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanna","family":"Chaijaroenkul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vithoon","family":"Viyanant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juntra","family":"Karbwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kesara","family":"Na-Bangchang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"1625_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1586\/ecp.09.27","volume":"2","author":"K Na-Bangchang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Na-Bangchang K: Pharmacodynamics of antimalarial chemotherapy. 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