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The present study investigated the protective effects of\n                      <jats:italic>Carissa opaca<\/jats:italic>\n                      against CCl\n                      <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                      -induced oxidative stress in rat lungs.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To assess the protective effects of\n                      <jats:italic>Carissa opaca<\/jats:italic>\n                      , 42 Sprague\u2013Dawley male rats (170\u2013180\u00a0g) were randomly divided into 7 groups. Group I was untreated and group II received olive oil intraperitoneally (i.p.) and dimethyl sulfoxide orally. Groups III, IV, V, VI and VII were administered CCl\n                      <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                      , 3\u00a0ml\/kg bodyweight (30% in olive oil i.p.). Group IV was administered 50\u00a0mg\/kg bodyweight silymarin whereas groups V, VI and VII were treated with 200\u00a0mg\/kg of various fractions of\n                      <jats:italic>Carissa opaca<\/jats:italic>\n                      after 48\u00a0h of CCl\n                      <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                      treatment for eight weeks. Antioxidant profiles in lungs were evaluated by estimating the activities of antioxidant enzymes: catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, quinone reductase and reduced glutathione. CCl\n                      <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                      -induced lipid peroxidation was determined by measuring the level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) with conjugation of DNA damage and histopathology.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Administration of CCl\n                      <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                      for 8\u00a0weeks significantly reduced\n                      <jats:italic>(p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05)<\/jats:italic>\n                      the activities of antioxidant enzymes and GSH concentration while increasing TBARS content and DNA damage. Co-treatment of various fractions of\n                      <jats:italic>Carissa opaca<\/jats:italic>\n                      and silymarin restored the activities of antioxidant enzymes and glutathione content. Changes in TBARS concentration and DNA fragmentation was significantly decreased\n                      <jats:italic>(p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05)<\/jats:italic>\n                      following\n                      <jats:italic>Carissa opaca<\/jats:italic>\n                      and silymarin treatment in lung.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Histopathological changes in rat lungs induced by CCl\n                      <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                      were significantly restored by co-treatment with\n                      <jats:italic>Carissa opaca<\/jats:italic>\n                      and silymarin.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-14-40","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,30]],"date-time":"2014-01-30T14:43:51Z","timestamp":1391093031000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Effects of Carissa opaca fruits extracts on oxidative pulmonary damages and fibrosis in rats"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Sumaira","family":"Sahreen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Rashid","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rahmat Ali","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"1643_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1080\/713611034","volume":"33","author":"LW Weber","year":"2003","unstructured":"Weber LW, Boll M, Stampfl A: Hepatotoxicity and mechanism of action of haloalkanes: carbon tetrachloride as a toxicological model. 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