{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T17:24:06Z","timestamp":1782494646493,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,13]],"date-time":"2014-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1394668800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Complement Altern Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              <jats:italic>Salvia africana-lutea<\/jats:italic> L., an important medicinal sage used in the Western Cape (South Africa), can be termed a \u2018broad-spectrum remedy\u2019 suggesting the presence of a multiplicity of bioactive metabolites. This study aimed at assessing wild <jats:italic>S. africana-lutea<\/jats:italic> populations for chemotypic variation and anti-<jats:italic>Fusarium<\/jats:italic> properties.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Samples were collected from four wild growing population sites (Yzerfontein, Silwerstroomstrand, Koeberg and Brackenfell) and one garden growing location in Stellenbosch. Their antifungal activities against <jats:italic>Fusarium verticillioides<\/jats:italic> (strains: MRC 826 and MRC 8267) and <jats:italic>F. proliferatum<\/jats:italic> (strains: MRC 6908 and MRC 7140) that are aggressive mycotoxigenic phytopathogens were compared using an <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> microdilution assay. To correlate antifungal activity to chemical profiles, three techniques <jats:italic>viz<\/jats:italic>. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS); Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) were employed. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was applied to the NMR data. The partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was used to integrate LC-MS and NMR data sets. All statistics were performed with the SIMCA-P\u2009+\u200912.0 software.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The dichloromethane:methanol (1:1; v\/v) extracts of the plant species collected from Stellenbosch demonstrated the strongest inhibition of <jats:italic>F. verticillioides<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>F. proliferatum<\/jats:italic> with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 0.031\u00a0mg\u00a0ml<jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup> and 0.063\u00a0mg\u00a0ml<jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup> respectively. GC-MS showed four compounds which were unique to the Stellenbosch extracts. By integrating LC-MS and <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>H NMR analyses, large chemotype differences leading to samples grouping by site when a multivariate analysis was performed, suggested strong plant-environment interactions as factors influencing metabolite composition. Signals distinguishing the Stellenbosch profile were in the aromatic part of the <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>H NMR spectra.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This study shows the potential of chemotypes of <jats:italic>Salvia africana-lutea<\/jats:italic> in controlling fungal growth and consequently mycotoxin production. Products for use in the agricultural sector may be developed from such chemotypes.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-14-99","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,13]],"date-time":"2014-03-13T02:01:44Z","timestamp":1394676104000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Fusarium inhibition by wild populations of the medicinal plant Salvia africana-lutea L. linked to metabolomic profiling"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Mpumelelo M","family":"Nkomo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David DR","family":"Katerere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hester HF","family":"Vismer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas T","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephane S","family":"Balayssac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myriam M","family":"Malet-Martino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nokwanda NP","family":"Makunga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2107_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1002\/pca.1188","volume":"21","author":"HK Kim","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kim HK, Verpoorte R: Sample preparation for plant metabolomics. 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