{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T17:04:09Z","timestamp":1793725449955,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,23]],"date-time":"2009-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1258934400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Complement Altern Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Aegle marmelos<\/jats:italic>\n                      (L.) Correa has been widely used in indigenous systems of Indian medicine due to its various medicinal properties. However, despite its traditional usage as an anti-diarrhoeal there is limited information regarding its mode of action in infectious forms of diarrhoea. Hence, we evaluated the hot aqueous extract (decoction) of dried unripe fruit pulp of\n                      <jats:italic>A. marmelos<\/jats:italic>\n                      for its antimicrobial activity and effect on various aspects of pathogenicity of infectious diarrhoea.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The decoction was assessed for its antibacterial, antigiardial and antirotaviral activities. The effect of the decoction on adherence of enteropathogenic\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      and invasion of enteroinvasive\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Shigella flexneri<\/jats:italic>\n                      to HEp-2 cells were assessed as a measure of its effect on colonization. The effect of the decoction on production of\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      heat labile toxin (LT) and cholera toxin (CT) and their binding to ganglioside monosialic acid receptor (GM1) were assessed by GM1-enzyme linked immuno sorbent assay whereas its effect on production and action of\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      heat stable toxin (ST) was assessed by suckling mouse assay.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The decoction showed cidal activity against\n                      <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic>\n                      and rotavirus whereas viability of none of the six bacterial strains tested was affected. It significantly reduced bacterial adherence to and invasion of HEp-2 cells. The extract also affected production of CT and binding of both LT and CT to GM1. However, it had no effect on ST.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The decoction of the unripe fruit pulp of\n                      <jats:italic>A. marmelos<\/jats:italic>\n                      , despite having limited antimicrobial activity, affected the bacterial colonization to gut epithelium and production and action of certain enterotoxins. These observations suggest the varied possible modes of action of\n                      <jats:italic>A. marmelos<\/jats:italic>\n                      in infectious forms of diarrhoea thereby validating its mention in the ancient Indian texts and continued use by local communities for the treatment of diarrhoeal diseases.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-9-47","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,24]],"date-time":"2009-11-24T02:14:47Z","timestamp":1259028887000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":120,"title":["Studies on the antidiarrhoeal activity of Aegle marmelos unripe fruit: Validating its traditional usage"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"S","family":"Brijesh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Poonam","family":"Daswani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pundarikakshudu","family":"Tetali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noshir","family":"Antia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tannaz","family":"Birdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"272_CR1","volume-title":"Inventory of Forestry Resources for Sustainable Management and Biodiversity Conservation","author":"MP Shiva","year":"1996","unstructured":"Shiva MP: Inventory of Forestry Resources for Sustainable Management and Biodiversity Conservation. 1996, New Delhi: Indus Publishing Company"},{"key":"272_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-4269-2-32","volume":"2","author":"CP Kala","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kala CP, Dhyani PP, Sajwan BS: Developing the medicinal plants sector in northern India: challenges and opportunities. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2006, 2: 32-10.1186\/1746-4269-2-32.","journal-title":"J Ethnobiol Ethnomed"},{"key":"272_CR3","volume-title":"Selected Medicinal Plants of India","author":"CHEMEXCIL","year":"1992","unstructured":"CHEMEXCIL: Selected Medicinal Plants of India. 1992, Bombay: Bhartiya Vidya Bhavan's Swami Prakashanand Ayurveda Research Centre"},{"key":"272_CR4","volume-title":"Indigenous drugs of India","author":"R Chopra","year":"1982","unstructured":"Chopra R: Indigenous drugs of India. 1982, Calcutta: Academic Publishers"},{"key":"272_CR5","volume-title":"Indian Materia Medica","author":"AK Nadkarni","year":"1954","unstructured":"Nadkarni AK: Indian Materia Medica. 1954, Mumbai: Popular Prakashan, 1: 3","edition":"3"},{"key":"272_CR6","volume-title":"Medicinal Plants of India","author":"GV Satyavati","year":"1976","unstructured":"Satyavati GV, Gupta AK, Tandon N: Medicinal Plants of India. 1976, New Delhi: Indian Council of Medical Research, 1:"},{"key":"272_CR7","volume-title":"Charaka-Samhita","author":"GS Pandeya","year":"1983","unstructured":"Pandeya GS: Charaka-Samhita. 1983, Varanasi: Chowkhamba Sanskrit Sansthan"},{"key":"272_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(00)00379-2","volume":"76","author":"FG Shoba","year":"2001","unstructured":"Shoba FG, Thomas M: Study of antidiarrhoeal activity of four medicinal plants in castor-oil induced diarrhoea. J Ethnopharmacol. 2001, 76: 73-76. 10.1016\/S0378-8741(00)00379-2.","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"272_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2003.09.042","volume":"90","author":"AG Jagtap","year":"2004","unstructured":"Jagtap AG, Shirke SS, Phadke AS: Effect of a polyherbal formulation on experimental models of inflammatory bowel diseases. J Ethnopharmacol. 2004, 90: 195-204. 10.1016\/j.jep.2003.09.042.","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"272_CR10","first-page":"41","volume":"45-46","author":"JN Dhuley","year":"2003","unstructured":"Dhuley JN: Investigation on the gastroprotective and antidiarrhoeal properties of Aegle marmelos unripe fruit extract. Hind Antibiot Bull. 2003, 45-46: 41-46. [http:\/\/cat.inist.fr\/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=16893803]","journal-title":"Hind Antibiot Bull"},{"key":"272_CR11","first-page":"93","volume":"32","author":"B Das","year":"1995","unstructured":"Das B, Das R: Medicinal properties and chemical constituents of Aegle marmelos Correa. Indian Drugs. 1995, 32: 93-99.","journal-title":"Indian Drugs"},{"key":"272_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S331","DOI":"10.1086\/513845","volume":"179","author":"RL Guerrant","year":"1999","unstructured":"Guerrant RL, Steiner TS, Lima AAM, Bobak DA: How intestinal bacteria cause disease. J Infect Dis. 1999, 179: S331-337. 10.1086\/513845.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"272_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01965261","volume":"8","author":"S Ashkenazi","year":"1989","unstructured":"Ashkenazi S, Pickering LK: Pathogenesis and diagnosis of bacterial diarrhoea. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1989, 8: 203-206. 10.1007\/BF01965261.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"272_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7613.24618","volume":"38","author":"S Brijesh","year":"2006","unstructured":"Brijesh S, Daswani PG, Tetali P, Antia NH, Birdi TJ: Studies on Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. leaves: Possible mechanism(s) of action in infectious diarrhoea. Indian J Pharmacol. 2006, 38: 120-124. 10.4103\/0253-7613.24618.","journal-title":"Indian J Pharmacol"},{"key":"272_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.2006.B0665","volume":"7","author":"S Brijesh","year":"2006","unstructured":"Brijesh S, Daswani PG, Tetali P, Rojatkar SR, Antia NH, Birdi TJ: Studies on Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre leaves: Understanding the mechanism(s) of action in infectious diarrhea. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 2006, 7: 665-674. 10.1631\/jzus.2006.B0665.","journal-title":"J Zhejiang Univ Sci B"},{"key":"272_CR16","first-page":"116","volume":"33","author":"PG Daswani","year":"2001","unstructured":"Daswani PG, Birdi TJ, Antia NH: Study of the action of Cyperus rotundus root decoction on the adherence and enterotoxin production of diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli. Indian J Pharmacol. 2001, 33: 116-117. [http:\/\/medind.nic.in\/ibi\/t01\/i2\/ibit01i2p116.pdf]","journal-title":"Indian J Pharmacol"},{"key":"272_CR17","first-page":"164","volume":"64","author":"PG Daswani","year":"2002","unstructured":"Daswani PG, Birdi TJ, Antarkar DS, Antia NH: Investigation of the antidiarrhoeal activity of Holarrhena antidysenterica. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2002, 64: 164-167. [http:\/\/www.ijpsonline.com\/article.asp?issn=0250-474X;year=2002;volume=64;issue=2;spage=164;epage=167;aulast=Daswani;type=0]","journal-title":"Indian J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"272_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.1446","volume":"18","author":"GA Agbor","year":"2004","unstructured":"Agbor GA, Leopold T, Jeanne NY: The antidiarrhoeal activity of Alchornea cordifolia leaf extract. Phytother Res. 2004, 18: 873-876. 10.1002\/ptr.1446.","journal-title":"Phytother Res"},{"key":"272_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1573(199906)13:4<292::AID-PTR415>3.0.CO;2-N","volume":"13","author":"PA Akah","year":"1999","unstructured":"Akah PA, Aguwa CN, Agu RU: Studies on the antidiarrhoeal properties of Pentaclethra macrophylla leaf extracts. Phytother Res. 1999, 13: 292-295. 10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1573(199906)13:4<292::AID-PTR415>3.0.CO;2-N.","journal-title":"Phytother Res"},{"key":"272_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-7158.1993.tb07180.x","volume":"45","author":"G Di Carlo","year":"1993","unstructured":"Di Carlo G, Autore G, Izzo AA, Maibline P, Mascolo N, Viola P, Diurno MV, Capasso F: Inhibition of intestinal motility and secretion by flavonoids in mice and rats: Structure activity relationships. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1993, 45: 1054-1059.","journal-title":"J Pharm Pharmacol"},{"key":"272_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2988","DOI":"10.5897\/AJB2007.000-2465","volume":"6","author":"SP Gutierrez","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gutierrez SP, Sanchez MAZ, Gonzalez CP, Garcia LA: Antidiarrhoeal activity of different plants used in traditional medicine. Afr J Biotech. 2007, 6: 2988-2994. [http:\/\/www.bioline.org.br\/pdf?jb07514]","journal-title":"Afr J Biotech"},{"key":"272_CR22","first-page":"255","volume":"48","author":"K Kambu","year":"1990","unstructured":"Kambu K, Tona L, Luki N, Cimanga K, Uvoya A: Antibacterial activity of extracts from plants used in preparations as antidiarrhoeal at Kinshasa, Zaire. Ann Pharm Fr. 1990, 48: 255-263.","journal-title":"Ann Pharm Fr"},{"key":"272_CR23","first-page":"17","volume":"6","author":"GD Lutterodt","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lutterodt GD, Ismail A, Basheer RH, Mohd. Baharuddin H: Antimicrobial effects of Psidium guajava extract as one mechanism of its antidiarrhoeal action. Malaysian J Med Sci. 1999, 6: 17-20. [http:\/\/ernd.usm.my\/journal\/journal\/ANTIMICROBIAL%20EFFECTS%20OF%20PSIDIUM%20GUAJAVA%20EXTRACT%20AS%20ONE%20MECHANISM%20OF%20ITS%20ANTIDIARRHOEAL%20ACTION.pdf]","journal-title":"Malaysian J Med Sci"},{"key":"272_CR24","first-page":"154","volume":"14","author":"D Miranda","year":"1993","unstructured":"Miranda D, Pereira L, Sirsat SM, Antarkar DS, Vaidya AB: In vitro action of Dadima (Punica granatum Linn.) against microorganisms involved in human gastrointestinal infections - isolation and identification of tannins. Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Siddha. 1993, 14: 154-164.","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Siddha"},{"key":"272_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(97)00130-X","volume":"60","author":"PK Mukherjee","year":"1998","unstructured":"Mukherjee PK, Saha K, Murugesan T, Mandal SC, Pal M, Saha BP: Screening of anti-diarrhoeal profile of some plant extracts of a specific region of West Bengal, India. J Ethnopharmacol. 1998, 60: 85-89. 10.1016\/S0378-8741(97)00130-X.","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"272_CR26","first-page":"95","volume":"3","author":"JE Oben","year":"2006","unstructured":"Oben JE, Assi SE, Agbor GA, Musoro DF: Effect of Eremomastax speciosa on experimental diarrhoea. African J Trad Complemen Altern Med. 2006, 3: 95-100. [http:\/\/www.africanethnomedicines.net\/v3n1obenetal.pdf]","journal-title":"African J Trad Complemen Altern Med"},{"key":"272_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-957632","volume":"63","author":"VSN Rao","year":"1997","unstructured":"Rao VSN, Santos FA, Sobreika TT, Souza MF, Melo LL, Silveira ER: Investigations on the gastroprotective and antidiarrhoeal properties of ternatin, a tetramethoxyflavone from Egletes viscose. Planta Med. 1997, 63: 146-149. 10.1055\/s-2006-957632.","journal-title":"Planta Med"},{"key":"272_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0944-7113(99)80036-1","volume":"6","author":"L Tona","year":"1999","unstructured":"Tona L, Kambu K, Mesia K, Cimanga K, Apers S, De Bruyne T, Pieters L, Totte J, Vlietinck AJ: Biological screening of traditional preparations from some medicinal plants used as antidiarrhoeal in Kinshasa, Congo. Phytomed. 1999, 6: 59-66.","journal-title":"Phytomed"},{"key":"272_CR29","first-page":"39","volume":"8","author":"N Venkatesan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Venkatesan N, Thiyagarajan V, Narayanan S, Arul A, Raja S, Kumar SGV, Rajarajan T, Perianayagam JB: Anti-diarrhoeal potential of Asparagus racemosus wild root extracts in laboratory animals. J Pharm Pharmaceut Sci. 2005, 8: 39-45.","journal-title":"J Pharm Pharmaceut Sci"},{"key":"272_CR30","volume-title":"Introduction to ayurveda: Basic Indian medicine","author":"CG Thakkur","year":"1976","unstructured":"Thakkur CG: Introduction to ayurveda: Basic Indian medicine. 1976, Jamnagar: Gulakunverba Ayurvedic Society, 2","edition":"2"},{"key":"272_CR31","volume-title":"Pharmacognosy","author":"CK Kokate","year":"1990","unstructured":"Kokate CK, Purohit AP, Gokhale SB: Pharmacognosy. 1990, Pune: Nirali Prakashan, 1","edition":"1"},{"key":"272_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2007.01.006","volume":"42","author":"SD Sarker","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sarker SD, Nahar L, Kumarasamy Y: Microtitre plate-based antibacterial assay incorporating resazurin as an indicator of cell growth, and its application in the in vitro antibacterial screening of phytochemicals. Methods. 2007, 42: 321-324. 10.1016\/j.ymeth.2007.01.006.","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"272_CR33","first-page":"96","volume-title":"Cells and Tissues in culture","author":"OA Trowell","year":"1965","unstructured":"Trowell OA: Lymphocytes. Cells and Tissues in culture. Edited by: Willmer EN. 1965, London: Academic Press, 96-172."},{"key":"272_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(83)90277-6","volume":"58","author":"CR Parish","year":"1983","unstructured":"Parish CR, Mullbacher A: Automated colorimetric assay for T cell cytotoxicity. J Immunol Methods. 1983, 58: 225-237. 10.1016\/0022-1759(83)90277-6.","journal-title":"J Immunol Methods"},{"key":"272_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02602439","volume":"3","author":"A Cravioto","year":"1979","unstructured":"Cravioto A, Grass RJ, Scotland SM, Gran RJ, Scotland SM, Rowe B: An adhesive factor found in strains of E. coli belonging to the traditional infantile enteropathogenic serotypes. Curr Microbiol. 1979, 3: 95-99. 10.1007\/BF02602439.","journal-title":"Curr Microbiol"},{"key":"272_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.55.1.78-85.1987","volume":"55","author":"S Knutton","year":"1987","unstructured":"Knutton S, Baldini MM, Kaper JB, McNeish AS: Role of plasmid-encoded adherence factors in adhesion of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli to HEp-2 cells. Infect Immun. 1987, 55: 78-85.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"272_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.36.2.834-836.1982","volume":"36","author":"T Vesikari","year":"1982","unstructured":"Vesikari T, Bromisrska J, Maki M: Enhancement of invasiveness of Yersinia enterocolitica and Escherichia coli to HEp-2 cells by centrifugation. Infect Immun. 1982, 36: 834-836.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"272_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.17.4.596-600.1983","volume":"17","author":"A-M Svennerholm","year":"1983","unstructured":"Svennerholm A-M, Wilkund G: Rapid GM1-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with visual reading for identification of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxins. J Clin Microbiol. 1983, 17: 596-600.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"272_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.14.1.95-99.1976","volume":"14","author":"RA Gianella","year":"1976","unstructured":"Gianella RA: Suckling mouse model for detection of heat stable Escherichia coli enterotoxin: characteristics of the model. Infect Immun. 1976, 14: 95-99.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"272_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-971486","volume":"43","author":"BR Sharma","year":"1981","unstructured":"Sharma BR, Sharma P: Constituents of Aegle marmelos. Planta Med. 1981, 43: 102-103. 10.1055\/s-2007-971486.","journal-title":"Planta Med"},{"key":"272_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2606","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9422(81)83112-3","volume":"20","author":"BR Sharma","year":"1981","unstructured":"Sharma BR, Rattan RK, Sharma P: Marmelosin, an alkaloid and other compounds of unripe fruits of Aegle marmelos. Phytochem. 1981, 20: 2606-2607. 10.1016\/0031-9422(81)83112-3.","journal-title":"Phytochem"},{"key":"272_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6920","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01030-06","volume":"74","author":"K Shoaf","year":"2006","unstructured":"Shoaf K, Mulvey GL, Armstrong GD, Hutkins RW: Prebiotic galactooligosaccharides reduce adherence of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli to tissue culture cells. Infect Immun. 2006, 74: 6920-6928. 10.1128\/IAI.01030-06.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"272_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-9877(94)90072-8","volume":"43","author":"W Liao","year":"1994","unstructured":"Liao W, Cui XS, Jin XY, Flor\u00e9n CH: Lactulose - a potential drug for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Med Hypotheses. 1994, 43: 234-238. 10.1016\/0306-9877(94)90072-8.","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"272_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.11.1.142","volume":"11","author":"JP Nataro","year":"1998","unstructured":"Nataro JP, Kaper JB: Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1998, 11: 142-201.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"272_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.41.1.174-180.1983","volume":"41","author":"RN Greenberg","year":"1983","unstructured":"Greenberg RN, Dunn JA, Guerrant RL: Reduction of the secretory response to Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin by thiol and disulfide compounds. Infect Immun. 1983, 41: 174-180.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"272_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.53.3.700-701.1986","volume":"53","author":"T Shimamura","year":"1986","unstructured":"Shimamura T, Watanabe S, Sasaki S: Inhibition of cholera toxin production by thiols in Vibrio cholerae. Infect Immun. 1986, 53: 700-701.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"272_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2005.08.036","volume":"103","author":"JC Chen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chen JC, Ho TY, Chang YS, Wu SL, Hsiang CY: Anti-diarrheal effect of Galla Chinensis on the Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin and ganglioside interaction. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006, 103: 385-391. 10.1016\/j.jep.2005.08.036.","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"272_CR48","first-page":"28","volume":"104","author":"NK Ganguly","year":"1996","unstructured":"Ganguly NK, Kaur T: Mechanism of action of cholera toxin and other toxins. Indian J Med Res. 1996, 104: 28-37.","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"272_CR49","first-page":"120","volume-title":"World Health Report","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2004","unstructured":"World Health Organization: World Health Report. 2004, Geneva:WHO, 120-125. [http:\/\/www.who.int\/whr\/2004\/annex\/topic\/en\/annex_2_en.pdf]"},{"key":"272_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1179\/136485906X97417","volume":"100","author":"AD Lopez","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lopez AD, Mathers CD: Measuring the global burden of disease and epidemiological transitions: 2002-2030. Annals Trop Med Parasitol. 2006, 100: 481-499. 10.1179\/136485906X97417.","journal-title":"Annals Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"272_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)07492-2","volume":"349","author":"CJL Murray","year":"1997","unstructured":"Murray CJL, Lopez AD: Alternative projections of mortality and disability by cause 1990-2020: Global burden of disease study. Lancet. 1997, 349: 1498-1504. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)07492-2.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"272_CR52","first-page":"611","volume":"44","author":"A Briend","year":"1990","unstructured":"Briend A: Is diarrhea a major cause of malnutrition among the under-fives in developing countries? A review of available evidence. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1990, 44: 611-628. [http:\/\/horizon.documentation.ird.fr\/exl-doc\/pleins_textes\/pleins_textes_5\/b_fdi_23-25\/31115.pdf]","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"272_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1992.47.28","volume":"47","author":"RL Guerrant","year":"1992","unstructured":"Guerrant RL, Lima AAM, Davidson F: Diarrhea as a cause and effect of malnutrition: diarrhea prevents catch-up growth and malnutrition increases diarrhea frequency and duration. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1992, 47: 28-35.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"272_CR54","volume-title":"Fruits of warm climates","author":"J Morton","year":"1987","unstructured":"Morton J: Fruits of warm climates. 1987, Miami: Julia F. Morton"},{"key":"272_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.56808\/3027-7922.2214","volume":"30","author":"K Kruawan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kruawan K, Kangsadalampai K: Antioxidant activity, phenolic compound contents and antimutagenic activity of some water extract of herbs. Thai J Pharma Sci. 2006, 30: 1-47.","journal-title":"Thai J Pharma Sci"},{"key":"272_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1177\/1534735404270641","volume":"3","author":"GC Jagetia","year":"2004","unstructured":"Jagetia GC, Venkatesh P, Baliga MS: Fruit extract of Aegle marmelos protects mice against radiation-induced lethality. Integr Cancer Ther. 2004, 3: 323-332. 10.1177\/1534735404270641.","journal-title":"Integr Cancer Ther"},{"key":"272_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1159\/000226216","volume":"42","author":"R Agarwal","year":"2009","unstructured":"Agarwal R, Gupta SK, Srivastava S, Saxena R, Agrawal SS: Intraocular pressure-lowering activity of topical application of Aegle marmelos fruit extract in experimental animal models. Ophthalmic Res. 2009, 42: 112-116. 10.1159\/000226216.","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Res"},{"key":"272_CR58","first-page":"1285","volume":"41","author":"N Kamalakkannan","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kamalakkannan N, Mainzen S, Prince P: Effect of Aegle marmelos Correa. (Bael) fruit extract on tissue antioxidants in streptozotocin diabetic rats. Indian J Exp Biol. 2003, 41: 1285-1288.","journal-title":"Indian J Exp Biol"},{"key":"272_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1080\/J157v05n03_08","volume":"5","author":"N Kamalakkannan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kamalakkannan N, Prince PS: The effect of Aegle marmelos fruit extract in streptozotocin diabetes: a histopathological study. J Herb Pharmacother. 2005, 5: 87-96. 10.1300\/J157v05n03_08.","journal-title":"J Herb Pharmacother"},{"key":"272_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2007.08.043","volume":"115","author":"H Mavar-Manga","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mavar-Manga H, Haddad M, Pieters L, Baccelli C, Penge A, Quetin-Leclercq J: Anti-inflammatory compounds from leaves and bark of Alchornea cordifolia (Schumach. & Thonn.) Mull. Arg. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008, 115: 25-29. 10.1016\/j.jep.2007.08.043.","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"272_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.3354\/meps263299","volume":"263","author":"CE Kicklighter","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kicklighter CE, Kubanek J, Barsby T, Hay ME: Palatability and defense of some tropical infaunal worms: alkylpyrrole sulfamates as deterrents to fish feeding. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 2003, 263: 299-306. 10.3354\/meps263299.","journal-title":"Mar Ecol Prog Ser"},{"key":"272_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3479S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/134.12.3479S","volume":"134","author":"RH Liu","year":"2004","unstructured":"Liu RH: Potential synergy of phytochemicals in cancer prevention: mechanism of action. J Nutr. 2004, 134: 3479S-3485S.","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"272_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02858290","volume":"33","author":"SK Roy","year":"1979","unstructured":"Roy SK, Singh RN: Bael fruit (Aegle marmelos) - A potential fruit for processing. Econ Bot. 1979, 33: 203-212. [http:\/\/www.springerlink.com\/content\/f480v60512721455\/]","journal-title":"Econ Bot"},{"key":"272_CR64","volume-title":"Wild Fruits","author":"C Parmar","year":"1982","unstructured":"Parmar C, Kaushal MK: Wild Fruits. 1982, New Delhi: Kalyani Publishers"},{"key":"272_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-959694","volume":"59","author":"J Galvez","year":"1993","unstructured":"Galvez J, Zarzuelo A, Crespo ME, Lorente MD, Ocete MA, Jimenez J: Antidiarrhoeic activity of Euphorbia hirta extract and isolation of an active flavonoid constituent. Planta Med. 1993, 59: 333-336. 10.1055\/s-2006-959694.","journal-title":"Planta Med"}],"container-title":["BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1472-6882-9-47.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1472-6882-9-47\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1472-6882-9-47","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1472-6882-9-47.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]],"date-time":"2025-02-13T06:28:24Z","timestamp":1739428104000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmccomplementalternmed.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1472-6882-9-47"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,23]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]}},"alternative-id":["272"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1472-6882-9-47","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6882"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6882","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 July 2009","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 November 2009","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 November 2009","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"47"}}