{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T16:59:40Z","timestamp":1773766780828,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,10]],"date-time":"2005-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1107993600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,10]],"date-time":"2005-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1107993600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Clin Pharmacol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>Sales data indicate a major increase in the prescription of antifungal drugs in the last two decades. Many new agents for systemic use that only recently have become available are likely to be prescribed intensively in acute care hospitals. Sales data do not adequately describe the developments of drug use density. Given the concerns about the potential emergence of antifungal drug resistance, data on drug use density, however, may be valuable and are needed for analyses of the relationship between drug use and antifungal resistance.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>Hospital pharmacy records for the years 2001 to 2003 were evaluated, and the number of prescribed daily doses (PDD, defined according to locally used doses) per 100 patient days were calculated to compare systemic antifungal drug use density in different medical and surgical service areas between five state university hospitals.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>The 3-year averages in recent antifungal drug use for the five hospitals ranged between 8.6 and 29.3 PDD\/100 patient days in the medical services (including subspecialties and intensive care), and between 1.1 and 4.0 PDD\/100 patient days in the surgical services, respectively. In all five hospitals, systemic antifungal drug use was higher in the hematology-oncology service areas (mean, 48.4, range, 24 to 101 PDD\/100 patient days, data for the year 2003) than in the medical intensive care units (mean, 18.3, range, 10 to 33 PDD\/100) or in the surgical intensive care units (mean, 10.7, range, 6 to 18 PDD\/100). Fluconazole was the most prescribed antifungal drug in all areas. In 2003, amphotericin B consumption had declined to 3 PDD\/100 in the hematology-oncology areas while voriconazole use had increased to 10 PDD\/100 in 2003.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>Hematology-oncology services are intense antifungal drug prescribing areas. Fluconazole and other azol antifungal drugs are the most prescribed drugs in all patient care areas while amphotericin B use has considerably decreased. The data may be useful as a benchmark for focused interventions to improve prescribing quality.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6904-5-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,11]],"date-time":"2005-02-11T07:25:22Z","timestamp":1108106722000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Hospital use of systemic antifungal drugs"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Katja","family":"de With","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michaela","family":"Steib-Bauert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Holger","family":"Knoth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"D\u00f6rje","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Egid","family":"Strehl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ulrich","family":"Rothe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ludwig","family":"Maier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Winfried V","family":"Kern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"24_CR1","first-page":"761","volume":"100","author":"JA Carton","year":"1993","unstructured":"Carton JA, Maradona JA, Perez del Molino G, Asensi V: Trends observed in the use of antimicrobial agents at a Spanish hospital from 1986 and 1991. Med Clin (Barc). 1993, 100: 761-765.","journal-title":"Med Clin (Barc)"},{"key":"24_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1177\/106002809402800219","volume":"28","author":"TH Grasela","year":"1994","unstructured":"Grasela TH, Goodwin SD, Pasko MT, Walawander CA, Raebel MA: Use of antifungal therapy in hospitalized patients. I. Results prior to the marketing of fluconazole. Ann Pharmacother. 1994, 28: 252-260.","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"key":"24_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1177\/106002809402800220","volume":"28","author":"TH Grasela","year":"1994","unstructured":"Grasela TH, Pasko MT, Goodwin SD, Walawander CA, Blackwelder N, Bruder-Holt RJ: Use of antifungal therapy in hospitalized patients. II. Results after the marketing of fluconazole. Ann Pharmacother. 1994, 28: 261-270.","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"key":"24_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/0195-6701(95)90170-1","volume":"31","author":"F Gutierrez","year":"1995","unstructured":"Gutierrez F, Wall P, Cohen J: An analysis of the trends in the use of antifungal drugs and fungal isolates in a UK University Hospital. J Hosp Infect. 1995, 31: 149-152. 10.1016\/0195-6701(95)90170-1.","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"24_CR5","first-page":"1","volume-title":"A Report on Swedish Antibiotic Utilisation and Resistance in Human Medicine","author":"O Cars","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cars O, Ekdahl K: A Report on Swedish Antibiotic Utilisation and Resistance in Human Medicine. 2002, Stockholm, The Swedish Strategic Programme for the Rational Use of Antimicrobial Agents (STRAMA) and the Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, 1-36."},{"key":"24_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkg275","volume":"52","author":"YC Chen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Chen YC, Chang SC, Luh KT, Hsieh WC: Stable susceptibility of Candida blood isolates to fluconazole despite increasing use during the past 10 years. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2003, 52: 71-77. 10.1093\/jac\/dkg275.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"24_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1086\/380637","volume":"38","author":"O Marchetti","year":"2004","unstructured":"Marchetti O, Bille J, Fluckiger U, Eggimann P, Ruef C, Garbino J, Calandra T, Glauser MP, Tauber MG, Pittet D, Fungal Infection Network of Switzerland: Epidemiology of candidemia in Swiss tertiary care hospitals: secular trends, 1991\u20132000. Clin Infect Dis. 2004, 38: 311-320. 10.1086\/380637.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"24_CR8","unstructured":"Denning D: Antifungals. Where are we headed?. DrugPlus international (21 September2004). accessed 15.10.2004, [http:\/\/pharmalicensing.com\/articles\/disp\/1095693369_414ef439d6909]"},{"key":"24_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S0213-005X(03)72888-2","volume":"21","author":"F Alvarez-Lerma","year":"2003","unstructured":"Alvarez-Lerma F, Nolla J, Palomar M, Leon MA: Treatment approach for fungal infections in critically ill patients admitted to intensive care units: results of a multicenter survey. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2003, 21: 83-88. 10.1157\/13042864.","journal-title":"Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin"},{"key":"24_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bmt.1704423","volume":"33","author":"S Trifilio","year":"2004","unstructured":"Trifilio S, Verma A, Mehta J: Antimicrobial prophylaxis in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients: heterogeneity of current clinical practice. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2004, 33: 735-739. 10.1038\/sj.bmt.1704423.","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"24_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/37.1.175","volume":"37","author":"F Gutierrez","year":"1996","unstructured":"Gutierrez F, Wall PG, Cohen J: An audit of the use of antifungal agents. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1996, 37: 175-185.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"24_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.2.2.253","volume":"2","author":"JC Gallagher","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gallagher JC, Macdougall C, Dodds Ashley ES, Perfect JR: Recent advances in antifungal pharmacotherapy for invasive fungal infections. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2004, 2: 253-268. 10.1586\/14787210.2.2.253.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther"},{"key":"24_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1097\/00001432-200312000-00015","volume":"16","author":"M Nucci","year":"2003","unstructured":"Nucci M: Emerging moulds: Fusarium, Scedosporium and zygomycetes in transplant recipients. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2003, 16: 607-612. 10.1097\/00001432-200312000-00015.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"24_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E23","DOI":"10.1086\/322600","volume":"33","author":"B Mathema","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mathema B, Cross E, Dun E, Park S, Bedell J, Slade B, Williams M, Riley L, Chaturvedi V, Perlin DS: Prevalence of vaginal colonization by drug-resistant Candida species in college-age women with previous exposure to over-the-counter azole antifungals. Clin Infect Dis. 2001, 33: E23-E27. 10.1086\/322600.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"24_CR15","unstructured":"McCaig LF, McNeil MM: Trends in prescribing for vulvovaginal candidiasis in the United States. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. published online 19 Mar 2004"},{"key":"24_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/48.3.345","volume":"48","author":"MM Hudson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hudson MM: Antifungal resistance and over-the-counter availability in the UK: a current perspective. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2001, 48: 345-350. 10.1093\/jac\/48.3.345.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"24_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-001-1075-0","volume":"29","author":"WV Kern","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kern WV, Rose AD, Hay B, Muche R, Frank U, Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg Interuniversity Study Group: Antimicrobial expenditures and usage at four university hospitals. Infection. 2001, 29: 127-137. 10.1007\/s15010-001-1075-0.","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"24_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-004-3159-0","volume":"32","author":"WV Kern","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kern WV, De With K, Gonnermann C, Strehl E, the MABUSE-INTERUNI-II Project Group: Update on glycopeptide use in German university hospitals. Infection. 2004, 32: 157-162. 10.1007\/s15010-004-3159-0.","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"24_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/s00063-004-1052-3","volume":"99","author":"K De With","year":"2004","unstructured":"De With K, Bergner J, B\u00fchner R, D\u00f6rje F, Gonnermann C, Haber M, Hartmann M, Rothe U, Strehl E, Steib-Bauert M, Kern WV: Antibiotic use at German university hospitals (Project INTERUNI-II). Results for medical intensive care, hematology-oncology, and other medical service areas. Med Klin (Munich). 2004, 99: 347-354.","journal-title":"Med Klin (Munich)"},{"key":"24_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/48.2.303","volume":"48","author":"S Natsch","year":"2001","unstructured":"Natsch S, Steeghs MH, Hekster YA, Meis JF, van der Meer JW, Kullberg BJ: Use of fluconazole in daily practice: still room for improvement. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2001, 48: 303-310. 10.1093\/jac\/48.2.303.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"24_CR21","first-page":"499","volume":"28","author":"SB Moody","year":"1993","unstructured":"Moody SB, Sveska KJ: Fluconazole dosing in renal impairment: a drug usage evaluation. Hosp Formul. 1993, 28: 499-502.","journal-title":"Hosp Formul"}],"container-title":["BMC Clinical Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1472-6904-5-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1472-6904-5-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1472-6904-5-1","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1472-6904-5-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]],"date-time":"2024-10-07T13:03:54Z","timestamp":1728306234000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/1472-6904-5-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,10]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,12]]}},"alternative-id":["24"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1472-6904-5-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6904"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6904","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 October 2004","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 February 2005","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 February 2005","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"1"}}