{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T09:13:00Z","timestamp":1790413980840,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,8]],"date-time":"2012-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1344384000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med Educ"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Over two-thirds of UK medical schools are augmenting their selection procedures for medical students by using the United Kingdom Clinical Aptitude Test (UKCAT), which employs tests of cognitive and non-cognitive personal qualities, but clear evidence of the tests\u2019 predictive validity is lacking. This study explores whether academic performance and professional behaviours that are important in a health professional context can be predicted by these measures, when taken before or very early in the medical course.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This prospective cohort study follows the progress of the entire student cohort who entered Hull York Medical School in September 2007, having taken the UKCAT cognitive tests in 2006 and the non-cognitive tests a year later. This paper reports on the students\u2019 first and second academic years of study. The main outcome measures were regular, repeated tutor assessment of individual students\u2019 interpersonal skills and professional behaviour, and annual examination performance in the three domains of recall and application of knowledge, evaluation of data, and communication and practical clinical skills. The relationships between non-cognitive test scores, cognitive test scores, tutor assessments and examination results were explored using the Pearson product\u2013moment correlations for each group of data; the data for students obtaining the top and bottom 20% of the summative examination results were compared using Analysis of Variance.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Personal qualities measured by non-cognitive tests showed a number of statistically significant relationships with ratings of behaviour made by tutors, with performance in each year\u2019s objective structured clinical examinations (OSCEs), and with themed written summative examination marks in each year. Cognitive ability scores were also significantly related to each year\u2019s examination results, but seldom to professional behaviours. The top 20% of examination achievers could be differentiated from the bottom 20% on both non-cognitive and cognitive measures.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This study shows numerous significant relationships between both cognitive and non-cognitive test scores, academic examination scores and indicators of professional behaviours in medical students. This suggests that measurement of non-cognitive personal qualities in applicants to medical school could make a useful contribution to selection and admission decisions. Further research is required in larger representative groups, and with more refined predictor measures and behavioural assessment methods, to establish beyond doubt the incremental validity of such measures over conventional cognitive assessments.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6920-12-69","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,8]],"date-time":"2012-08-08T10:13:51Z","timestamp":1344420831000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Can personal qualities of medical students predict in-course examination success and professional behaviour? An exploratory prospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jane","family":"Adam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miles","family":"Bore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean","family":"McKendree","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Don","family":"Munro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Powis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"602_CR1","first-page":"229","volume":"46","author":"PB Price","year":"1971","unstructured":"Price PB, Lewis EG, Loughmiller GC, Nelson DE, Murray MS, Taylor CW: Attributes of a good practicing physician. J Med Educ. 1971, 46: 229-237.","journal-title":"J Med Educ"},{"key":"602_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2929.2004.02031.x","volume":"39","author":"KV Mann","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mann KV, Ruedy J, Millar N, Andreou P: Achievement of non-cognitive goals of undergraduate medical education: perceptions of medical students, residents, faculty and other health professionals. Med Educ. 2005, 39: 40-48. 10.1111\/j.1365-2929.2004.02031.x.","journal-title":"Med Educ"},{"key":"602_CR3","volume-title":"Tomorrow\u2019s doctors","author":"General Medical Council","year":"2009","unstructured":"General Medical Council: Tomorrow\u2019s doctors. 2009, GMC, London"},{"key":"602_CR4","unstructured":"UK Clinical Aptitude Test: http:\/\/www.ukcat.ac.uk."},{"key":"602_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.331.7516.555","volume":"331","author":"IC McManus","year":"2005","unstructured":"McManus IC, Powis DA, Wakeford R, Ferguson E, James D, Richards P: Intellectual aptitude tests and A levels for selecting UK school leaver entrants for medical school. BMJ. 2005, 331: 555-559. 10.1136\/bmj.331.7516.555.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"602_CR6","first-page":"349","volume":"188","author":"D Wilkinson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wilkinson D, Zhang J, Byrne GJ: Medical school selection criteria and the prediction of academic performance. Evidence leading to change in policy and practice at the University of Queensland. MJA. 2008, 188: 349-354.","journal-title":"MJA"},{"key":"602_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2923.2009.03535.x","volume":"43","author":"B Lynch","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lynch B, MacKenzie R, Dowell J, Cleland J, Prescott G: Does UKCAT predict year 1 performance in medical school?. Med Educ. 2009, 43: 1203-1209. 10.1111\/j.1365-2923.2009.03535.x.","journal-title":"Med Educ"},{"key":"602_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1080\/00049530412331283453","volume":"57","author":"D Munro","year":"2005","unstructured":"Munro D, Bore MR, Powis DA: Personality factors in professional ethical behaviour: studies of empathy and narcissism. Aust J Psychol. 2005, 57: 49-60. 10.1080\/00049530412331283453.","journal-title":"Aust J Psychol"},{"key":"602_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1080\/00049530412331283462","volume":"57","author":"MR Bore","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bore MR, Munro D, Kerridge I, Powis DA: Not moral \u201creasoning\u201d: a Libertarian-Communitarian dimension of moral orientation and Schwartz\u2019s value types. Aust J Psychol. 2005, 57: 38-48. 10.1080\/00049530412331283462.","journal-title":"Aust J Psychol"},{"key":"602_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.7227\/JACE.11.1.2","volume":"11","author":"D Powis","year":"2005","unstructured":"Powis D, Bore M, Munro D, Lumsden MA: Development of the Personal Qualities Assessment as a tool for selecting medical students. J Adult and Continuing Educ. 2005, 11: 3-14.","journal-title":"J Adult and Continuing Educ"},{"key":"602_CR11","unstructured":"Personal Qualities Assessment: http:\/\/www.pqa.net.au."},{"key":"602_CR12","volume-title":"Psychological tests and personnel decisions","author":"LJ Cronbach","year":"1965","unstructured":"Cronbach LJ, Gleser GC: Psychological tests and personnel decisions. 1965, University of Illinois Press, Urbana, IL"},{"key":"602_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2010.03.042","volume":"49","author":"NR Kuncel","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kuncel NR, Ones DS, Sackett P: Individual differences as predictors of work, educational, and broad life outcomes. Personality and Individual Differences. 2010, 49: 331-336. 10.1016\/j.paid.2010.03.042.","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"key":"602_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2009.05.010","volume":"43","author":"RA Sherman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sherman RA, Funder DC: Evaluating correlations in studies of personality andbehaviour: Beyond the number of significant findings to be expected by chance. J Res in Personality. 2009, 43: 1053-1063. 10.1016\/j.jrp.2009.05.010.","journal-title":"J Res in Personality"},{"key":"602_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2923.2010.03792.x","volume":"44","author":"SR Wright","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wright SR, Bradley PM: Has the UK Clinical Aptitude Test improved medical student selection?. Med Educ. 2010, 44: 1069-1076. 10.1111\/j.1365-2923.2010.03792.x.","journal-title":"Med Educ"},{"key":"602_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0b013e31819fb7ff","volume":"84","author":"JC McLachlan","year":"2007","unstructured":"McLachlan JC, Finn G, Macnaughton J: The conscientiousness index: a novel tool to explore students\u2019 professionalism. Acad Med. 2007, 84: 559-565.","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"key":"602_CR17","volume-title":"Consensus statement on the role of the doctor","author":"Medical Schools Council","year":"2008","unstructured":"Medical Schools Council: Consensus statement on the role of the doctor. 2008, http:\/\/www.medschools.ac.uk\/AboutUs\/Projects\/Pages\/The-Role-of-the-Doctor.aspx] accessed 22 September 2011"},{"key":"602_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-498X.2005.00060.x","volume":"2","author":"J Norcini","year":"2005","unstructured":"Norcini J: The mini clinical evaluation exercise. Clinical Teacher. 2005, 2: 25-30. 10.1111\/j.1743-498X.2005.00060.x.","journal-title":"Clinical Teacher"}],"container-title":["BMC Medical Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1472-6920-12-69.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1472-6920-12-69\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1472-6920-12-69","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1472-6920-12-69.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T19:51:55Z","timestamp":1630525915000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmededuc.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1472-6920-12-69"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,8]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]}},"alternative-id":["602"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1472-6920-12-69","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6920"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6920","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 October 2011","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 July 2012","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 August 2012","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"69"}}