{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T15:49:32Z","timestamp":1762271372205},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,23]],"date-time":"2009-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1253664000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med Educ"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6920-9-62","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,23]],"date-time":"2009-09-23T14:15:25Z","timestamp":1253715325000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Can ill-structured problems reveal beliefs about medical knowledge and knowing? A focus-group approach"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Ann","family":"Roex","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Geraldine","family":"Clarebout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valerie","family":"Dory","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Degryse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"333_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326985ep3901_5","volume":"39","author":"BK Hofer","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hofer BK: Epistemological understanding as a metacognitive process: Thinking aloud during Online searching. Educational Psychologist. 2004, 39: 43-55. 10.1207\/s15326985ep3901_5.","journal-title":"Educational Psychologist"},{"key":"333_CR2","volume-title":"Knowing, Knowledge and Beliefs: Epistemological Studies across Diverse Cultures","author":"R Bromme","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bromme R, Kienhues D, Stahl E: Knowledge and Epistemological Beliefs:s An Intimate but Complicated Relationship. Knowing, Knowledge and Beliefs: Epistemological Studies across Diverse Cultures. Edited by: Khine MS. 2008, New York: Spinger"},{"key":"333_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011965830686","volume":"13","author":"BK Hofer","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hofer BK: Personal epistemology research: Implications for learning and teaching. Educational Psychology Review. 2001, 13: 353-383. 10.1023\/A:1011965830686.","journal-title":"Educational Psychology Review"},{"key":"333_CR4","first-page":"389","volume-title":"Personal Epistemology: The psychology of Beliefs About Knowledge and Knowing","author":"PR Pintrich","year":"2002","unstructured":"Pintrich PR: Future Challenges and Directions for Theory and Research on Personal Epistemology. Personal Epistemology: The psychology of Beliefs About Knowledge and Knowing. Edited by: Hofer BK, Pintrich PR. 2002, Mahwah, New Jersey, 389-413."},{"key":"333_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-6596-5_4","volume-title":"Knowing, Knowledge and Beliefs. Epistemological Studies Across Diverse Cultures","author":"MM Buehl","year":"2008","unstructured":"Buehl MM: Assessing the Multidimensionality of Students' Epistemic Beliefs Across Diverse Cultures. Knowing, Knowledge and Beliefs. Epistemological Studies Across Diverse Cultures. Edited by: Khine MS. 2008, Perth: Kluwer, 65-112. 1","edition":"1"},{"key":"333_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.3102\/00346543067001088","volume":"67","author":"BK Hofer","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hofer BK, Pintrich PR: The Development of Epistemological Theories: Beliefs About Knowledge and Knowing and Their Relation to Learning. Review of Educational Research. 1997, 67: 88-140.","journal-title":"Review of Educational Research"},{"key":"333_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1159\/000272885","volume":"26","author":"KS Kitchener","year":"1983","unstructured":"Kitchener KS: Cognition, Metacognition, and Epistemic Cognition - A 3-Level Model of Cognitive Processing. Human Development. 1983, 26: 222-232.","journal-title":"Human Development"},{"key":"333_CR8","volume-title":"Forms of intellectual and ethical development in the college years: A scheme","author":"WG Perry Jr","year":"1970","unstructured":"Perry WG: Forms of intellectual and ethical development in the college years: A scheme. 1970, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston"},{"key":"333_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.82.3.498","volume":"82","author":"M Schommer","year":"1990","unstructured":"Schommer M: Effects of Beliefs About the Nature of Knowledge on Comprehension. Journal of Educational Psychology. 1990, 82: 498-504. 10.1037\/0022-0663.82.3.498.","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"333_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.92.3.524","volume":"92","author":"CM Kardash","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kardash CM, Howell KL: Effects of epistemological beliefs and topic-specific beliefs on undergraduates' cognitive and strategic processing of dual-positional text. Journal of Educational Psychology. 2000, 92: 524-535. 10.1037\/0022-0663.92.3.524.","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"333_CR11","volume-title":"Developing reflective judgement","author":"PM King","year":"1994","unstructured":"King PM, Kitchener KS: Developing reflective judgement. 1994, New York: Jossey-Bass"},{"key":"333_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1348\/000709904X22683","volume":"75","author":"F Cano","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cano F: Epistemological beliefs and approaches to learning: Their change through secondary school and their influence on academic performance. British Journal of Educational Psychology. 2005, 75: 203-221. 10.1348\/000709904X22683.","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"333_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.85.3.406","volume":"85","author":"M Schommer","year":"1993","unstructured":"Schommer M: Epistemological Development and Academic-Performance Among Secondary Students. Journal of Educational Psychology. 1993, 85: 406-411. 10.1037\/0022-0663.85.3.406.","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"333_CR14","volume-title":"PhD Thesis","author":"MM Buehl","year":"2003","unstructured":"Buehl MM: At the crossroads of epistemology and motivation: modeling hte relations between students' domain-specific epistemological beliefs, achievement motivation and task performance. PhD Thesis. 2003, University of Maryland"},{"key":"333_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tate.2004.09.002","volume":"20","author":"K Chan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Chan K, Elliott RG: Relational analysis of personal epistemology and conceptions about teaching and learning. Teaching and Teacher Education. 2004, 20: 817-831. 10.1016\/j.tate.2004.09.002.","journal-title":"Teaching and Teacher Education"},{"key":"333_CR16","volume-title":"The CanMEDS 2005 physician competency framework. Better standards. Better physicians. Better care","author":"JR Frank","year":"2005","unstructured":"Frank JR: The CanMEDS 2005 physician competency framework. Better standards. Better physicians. Better care. 2005, Ottawa: The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada"},{"key":"333_CR17","volume-title":"The Euract Educational Agenda of General Practice\/Family Medicine","author":"J Heyrman","year":"2005","unstructured":"Heyrman J: The Euract Educational Agenda of General Practice\/Family Medicine. 2005, Leuven: Council of the European Academy of Teachers in General Practice"},{"key":"333_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2006.01.017","volume":"63","author":"LV Knight","year":"2006","unstructured":"Knight LV, Mattick K: 'When I first came here, I thought medicine was black and white': Making sense of medical students' ways of knowing. Soc Sci Med. 2006, 63: 1084-1096. 10.1016\/j.socscimed.2006.01.017.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"333_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2753.2008.01011.x","volume":"14","author":"JP Sturmberg","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sturmberg JP, Martin CM: Knowing--in medicine. J Eval Clin Pract. 2008, 14: 767-770.","journal-title":"J Eval Clin Pract"},{"key":"333_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-113-9-724","volume":"113","author":"RB Haynes","year":"1990","unstructured":"Haynes RB: Loose connections between peer-reviewed clinical journals and clinical practice. Ann Intern Med. 1990, 113: 724-728.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"333_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2753.1999.00197.x","volume":"5","author":"GR Norman","year":"1999","unstructured":"Norman GR: Examining the assumptions of evidence-based medicine. J Eval Clin Pract. 1999, 5: 139-147. 10.1046\/j.1365-2753.1999.00197.x.","journal-title":"J Eval Clin Pract"},{"issue":"4","key":"333_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1097\/00001888-199304000-00002","volume":"68","author":"AS Elstein","year":"1993","unstructured":"Elstein AS: Beyond multiple-choice questions and essays: the need for a new way to assess clinical competence. Acad Med. 1993, 68 (4): 244-9. 10.1097\/00001888-199304000-00002.","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"key":"333_CR23","first-page":"93","volume-title":"Seventh Cambridge Conference \"Moving medical education from the hospital to the community\"","author":"LD Gruppen","year":"1995","unstructured":"Gruppen LD: Cognitive and Educational Psychology Foundations for Ambulatory-Based Education. Seventh Cambridge Conference \"Moving medical education from the hospital to the community\". 1995, 93-117."},{"key":"333_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1097\/00001888-199503000-00009","volume":"70","author":"G Page","year":"1995","unstructured":"Page G, Bordage G, Allen T: Developing Key-Feature Problems and Examinations to Assess Clinical Decision-Making Skills. Academic Medicine. 1995, 70: 194-201.","journal-title":"Academic Medicine"},{"key":"333_CR25","volume-title":"Berlin","author":"Scientific Software Development","year":"2003","unstructured":"Scientific Software Development: ATLAS-ti. Version WIN 5.0. Berlin. 2003"},{"key":"333_CR26","first-page":"39","volume":"2","author":"T Niessen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Niessen T, Vermunt JD, Abma T, Widdershoven G, Vleuten van der C: On the nature and form of epistemologies: revealing hidden assumptions through an anysis of instrument design. European Journal of School Psychology. 2004, 2: 39-64.","journal-title":"European Journal of School Psychology"},{"key":"333_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4159\/harvard.9780674189089","volume-title":"Medical Problem Solving: An Analysis of Clinical Reasoning","author":"AS Elstein","year":"1978","unstructured":"Elstein AS, Shulman LS, Sprafka SA: Medical Problem Solving: An Analysis of Clinical Reasoning. 1978, Cambridge, MA\/London, UK: Harvard University Press"},{"key":"333_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011917914756","volume":"13","author":"MM Buehl","year":"2001","unstructured":"Buehl MM, Alexander PA: Beliefs about academic knowledge. Educational Psychology Review. 2001, 13: 385-418. 10.1023\/A:1011917914756.","journal-title":"Educational Psychology Review"},{"key":"333_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijer.2006.08.006","volume":"45","author":"B Hofer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hofer B: Domain specificity of personal epistemology: Resolved questions, persistent issues, new models. International Journal of Educational Research. 2006, 45: 85-95. 10.1016\/j.ijer.2006.08.006.","journal-title":"International Journal of Educational Research"},{"key":"333_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1006\/ceps.1999.1026","volume":"25","author":"BK Hofer","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hofer BK: Dimensionality and disciplinary differences in personal epistemology. Contemporary Educational Psychology. 2000, 25: 378-405. 10.1207\/s15326985ep3901_6.","journal-title":"Contemporary Educational Psychology"},{"key":"333_CR31","first-page":"169","volume-title":"Personal Epistemology: The Psychology of Beliefs About Knowledge and Knowing","author":"D Hammer","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hammer D, Elby A: On the Form of a Personal Epistemology. Personal Epistemology: The Psychology of Beliefs About Knowledge and Knowing. Edited by: Hofer BK, Pintrich PR. 2002, Mahwah, New Jersey: Laurence Erlbaum, 169-190."},{"key":"333_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326985ep3901_6","volume":"39","author":"L Louca","year":"2004","unstructured":"Louca L, Elby A, Hammer D, Kagey T: Epistemological resources: Applying a new epistemological framework to science instruction. Educational Psychologist. 2004, 39: 57-68. 10.1207\/s15326985ep3901_6.","journal-title":"Educational Psychologist"},{"key":"333_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008600132359","volume":"6","author":"K Tobin","year":"1997","unstructured":"Tobin K, McRobbie CJ: Beliefs about the Nature of Science and the Enacted Science Curriculum. Science & Education. 1997, 6: 355-371. 10.1023\/A:1008600132359.","journal-title":"Science & Education"},{"key":"333_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2929.2005.02200.x","volume":"39","author":"RS Barbour","year":"2005","unstructured":"Barbour RS: Making sense of focus groups 1. Medical Education. 2005, 39: 742-750. 10.1111\/j.1365-2929.2005.02200.x.","journal-title":"Medical Education"},{"key":"333_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0b013e3180556abd","volume":"82","author":"A Roex","year":"2007","unstructured":"Roex A, Degryse J: Viewpoint: introducing the concept of epistemological beliefs into medical education: the hot-air-balloon metaphor. Academic Medicine. 2007, 82: 616-620. 10.1097\/ACM.0b013e3180556abd.","journal-title":"Academic Medicine"}],"container-title":["BMC Medical Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1472-6920-9-62\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1472-6920-9-62.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1472-6920-9-62","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1472-6920-9-62.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,23]],"date-time":"2019-01-23T03:05:32Z","timestamp":1548212732000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmededuc.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1472-6920-9-62"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,23]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]}},"alternative-id":["333"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1472-6920-9-62","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6920"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6920","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,23]]},"article-number":"62"}}