{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T01:37:47Z","timestamp":1789781867229,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,20]],"date-time":"2012-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1337472000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med Ethics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6939-13-10","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,20]],"date-time":"2012-05-20T16:14:45Z","timestamp":1337530485000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":138,"title":["The four principles: Can they be measured and do they predict ethical decision making?"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Katie","family":"Page","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"170_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1136\/jme.29.5.307","volume":"29","author":"R Gillon","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gillon R: Ethics needs principles - four can encompass the rest - and respect for autonomy should be first among equals. J Medl Ethics. 2003, 29 (5): 307-312. 10.1136\/jme.29.5.307.","journal-title":"J Medl Ethics"},{"key":"170_CR2","volume-title":"Principles of biomedical ethics","author":"TL Beauchamp","year":"2001","unstructured":"Beauchamp TL, Childress JF: Principles of biomedical ethics. 2001, New York: Oxford University Press, 5th","edition":"5th"},{"issue":"6","key":"170_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.2307\/3560542","volume":"1","author":"S Toulmin","year":"1981","unstructured":"Toulmin S: The tyranny of principles. Hastings Cent Rep. 1981, 1 (6): 31-39.","journal-title":"Hastings Cent Rep"},{"key":"170_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1093\/jmp\/16.1.29","volume":"16","author":"J Arras","year":"1991","unstructured":"Arras J: Getting down to cases: the revival of casuistry in bioethics. J Med Philos. 1991, 16: 29-51. 10.1093\/jmp\/16.1.29.","journal-title":"J Med Philos"},{"key":"170_CR5","volume-title":"The analytic hierarchy process: Planning, priority setting, resource allocation","author":"TL Saaty","year":"1980","unstructured":"Saaty TL: The analytic hierarchy process: Planning, priority setting, resource allocation. 1980, Advanced book program. New York: McGraw-Hill"},{"key":"170_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2923.1992.tb00151.x","volume":"26","author":"DJ Self","year":"1992","unstructured":"Self DJ, Baldwin Jr DC, Wolinsky FD: Evaluation of teaching medical ethics by an assessment of moral reasoning. Med Educ. 1992, 26: 178-184. 10.1111\/j.1365-2923.1992.tb00151.x.","journal-title":"Med Educ"},{"key":"170_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2923.1993.tb00225.x","volume":"27","author":"DJ Self","year":"1993","unstructured":"Self DJ, Schrader DE, Baldwin Jr DC, Wolinsky FD: The moral development of medical students: A pilot study of the possible influence of medical education. Med Educ. 1993, 27: 26-34. 10.1111\/j.1365-2923.1993.tb00225.x.","journal-title":"Med Educ"},{"issue":"2","key":"170_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1136\/jme.24.2.110","volume":"24","author":"J Price","year":"1998","unstructured":"Price J, Price D, Williams G, Hoffenberg R: Changes in medical student attitudes as they progress through a medical course. J Med Ethics. 1998, 24 (2): 110-117. 10.1136\/jme.24.2.110.","journal-title":"J Med Ethics"},{"issue":"3","key":"170_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2929.2005.02088.x","volume":"39","author":"M Bore","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bore M, Munro D, Kerridge I, Powis D: Selection of medical students according to their moral orientation. Med Educ. 2005, 39 (3): 266-275. 10.1111\/j.1365-2929.2005.02088.x.","journal-title":"Med Educ"},{"issue":"9, Suppl","key":"170_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1097\/00001888-199009000-00030","volume":"65","author":"AG Rezler","year":"1990","unstructured":"Rezler AG, Lambert P, Obenshain SS, Schwartz RL, Gibson JM, Bennahum DA: Professional decisions and ethical values in medical and law students. Acad Med. 1990, 65 (9, Suppl): 31-32. 10.1097\/00001888-199009000-00030.","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"key":"170_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2923.1992.tb00115.x","volume":"26","author":"AG Rezler","year":"1992","unstructured":"Rezler AG, Schwartz RL, Obenshain SS, Lambert P, Gibson JM, Bennahum DA: Assessment of ethical decisions and values. Med Educ. 1992, 26: 7-16. 10.1111\/j.1365-2923.1992.tb00115.x.","journal-title":"Med Educ"},{"key":"170_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1136\/jme.18.3.142","volume":"18","author":"PC Herbert","year":"1992","unstructured":"Herbert PC, Meslin EM, Dunn EV: Measuring the ethical sensitivity of medical students: A study at the University of Toronto. J Med Ethics. 1992, 18: 142-147. 10.1136\/jme.18.3.142.","journal-title":"J Med Ethics"},{"issue":"2","key":"170_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s10728-006-0016-6","volume":"14","author":"L Westin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Westin L, Nilstun T: Principles help to analyse but often give no solution - secondary prevention after a cardiac event. Health Care Anal. 2006, 14 (2): 111-117. 10.1007\/s10728-006-0016-6.","journal-title":"Health Care Anal"},{"issue":"2","key":"170_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/s10728-006-0019-3","volume":"14","author":"S Waltho","year":"2006","unstructured":"Waltho S: Response to Westin and Nilstun. Health Care Anal. 2006, 14 (2): 119-122. 10.1007\/s10728-006-0019-3.","journal-title":"Health Care Anal"},{"key":"170_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-2397.00007","volume":"12","author":"R Landau","year":"2003","unstructured":"Landau R, Osmo R: Professional and personal ethical principles. Int J Soc Welf. 2003, 12: 42-49. 10.1111\/1468-2397.00007.","journal-title":"Int J Soc Welf"},{"key":"170_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1177\/0091270004273680","volume":"45","author":"CM Smith","year":"2005","unstructured":"Smith CM: Origin and uses of Primum Non Nocere: Above all, do no harm!. J Clin Pharmacol. 2005, 45: 371-377. 10.1177\/0091270004273680.","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"5","key":"170_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.309.6948.184","volume":"309","author":"R Gillon","year":"1994","unstructured":"Gillon R: Medical ethics: Four principles plus attention to scope. Brit Med J. 1994, 309 (5): 184-188.","journal-title":"Brit Med J"},{"key":"170_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1136\/jme.2005.012591","volume":"32","author":"A Dawson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dawson A, Garrard E: In defence of moral imperialism: four equal and universal prima facie principles. J Med Ethics. 2006, 32: 200-204. 10.1136\/jme.2005.012591.","journal-title":"J Med Ethics"},{"key":"170_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2004.04.028","volume":"169","author":"O Vaidya","year":"2006","unstructured":"Vaidya O, Kumar S: Analytic hierarchy process: An overview of applications. Eur J Oper Res. 2006, 169: 1-29. 10.1016\/j.ejor.2004.04.028.","journal-title":"Eur J Oper Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"170_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1080\/00137919508903158","volume":"40","author":"G Barbarosoglu","year":"1995","unstructured":"Barbarosoglu G, Pinhas D: Capital rationing in the public sector using the analytic hierarchy process. The Engineering Economist. 1995, 40 (4): 315-341. 10.1080\/00137919508903158.","journal-title":"The Engineering Economist"},{"issue":"4","key":"170_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1080\/00137919508903159","volume":"40","author":"H Lee","year":"1995","unstructured":"Lee H, Kwak W, Han I: Developing a business performance evaluation system: An analytic hierarchical model. The Engineering Economist. 1995, 40 (4): 343-357. 10.1080\/00137919508903159.","journal-title":"The Engineering Economist"},{"key":"170_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1109\/17.65759","volume":"38","author":"MA Mustafa","year":"1991","unstructured":"Mustafa MA, Al-Bahar JF: Project risk assessment using the analytic hierarchy process. IEEE T Eng Manage. 1991, 38: 46-52. 10.1109\/17.65759.","journal-title":"IEEE T Eng Manage"},{"issue":"11","key":"170_CR23","first-page":"26","volume":"44","author":"C Yau","year":"1993","unstructured":"Yau C, Davis T: Using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to prioritize auditing tasks for large-scale software systems. J Syst Manage. 1993, 44 (11): 26-31.","journal-title":"J Syst Manage"},{"issue":"5","key":"170_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1136\/jme.29.5.267","volume":"29","author":"R Gillon","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gillon R: Four scenarios. J Med Ethics. 2003, 29 (5): 267-268. 10.1136\/jme.29.5.267.","journal-title":"J Med Ethics"},{"key":"170_CR25","first-page":"195","volume-title":"Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: 1979","author":"HC Triandis","year":"1980","unstructured":"Triandis HC: Values, attitudes, and interpersonal behavior. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: 1979. Edited by: Howe HE, Page MM. 1980, Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, 195-259."},{"issue":"4","key":"170_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-9861.2004.tb00102.x","volume":"9","author":"D Blondeau","year":"2004","unstructured":"Blondeau D, Godin G, Gagnea C, Martineau I: Do ethical principles explain moral norm? A test for consent to organ donation. J Appl Biobehav Res. 2004, 9 (4): 230-243.","journal-title":"J Appl Biobehav Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"170_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1067\/mic.2000.107594","volume":"28","author":"G Godin","year":"2000","unstructured":"Godin G, Naccache H, Morel S, \u00c9bacher M: Determinants of nurses\u2019 adherence to universal precautions for venipunctures. Am J Infect Control. 2000, 28 (5): 359-364. 10.1067\/mic.2000.107594.","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"issue":"7","key":"170_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559-1816.2002.tb01441.x","volume":"32","author":"D B\u00e9langer","year":"2002","unstructured":"B\u00e9langer D, Godin G, Alary M, No\u00e9l L, C\u00f4t\u00e9 N, Claessens C: Prediction of Needle Sharing Among Injection Drug Users1. J Appl Soc Psychol. 2002, 32 (7): 1361-1378. 10.1111\/j.1559-1816.2002.tb01441.x.","journal-title":"J Appl Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"170_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1136\/jme.2004.007856","volume":"31","author":"J DeMarco","year":"2005","unstructured":"DeMarco J: Principlism and moral dilemmas: a new principle. J Med Ethics. 2005, 31 (2): 101-105. 10.1136\/jme.2004.007856.","journal-title":"J Med Ethics"},{"issue":"6","key":"170_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009904125910","volume":"19","author":"M Kuczewski","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kuczewski M: Casuistry and principlism: the convergence of method in biomedical ethics. Theor Med Bioeth. 1998, 19 (6): 509-524. 10.1023\/A:1009904125910.","journal-title":"Theor Med Bioeth"}],"container-title":["BMC Medical Ethics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1472-6939-13-10\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1472-6939-13-10.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1472-6939-13-10","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1472-6939-13-10.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,22]],"date-time":"2019-01-22T17:43:55Z","timestamp":1548179035000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmedethics.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1472-6939-13-10"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,20]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]}},"alternative-id":["170"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1472-6939-13-10","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6939"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6939","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,20]]},"article-number":"10"}}