{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T22:19:48Z","timestamp":1785449988949,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,12,18]],"date-time":"2001-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1008633600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med Inform Decis Mak"],"DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6947-1-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,11]],"date-time":"2002-10-11T18:42:27Z","timestamp":1034361747000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["A systematic review of the diagnostic accuracy of physical examination for the detection of cirrhosis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Guy","family":"de Bruyn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward A","family":"Graviss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"6_CR1","first-page":"1704","volume-title":"In: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine Edited by Longo DL, 14th ed. pp. 1704\u20131710. New York: McGraw-Hill;","author":"DK Podolsky","year":"1998","unstructured":"Podolsky DK, Isselbacher KJ: Cirrhosis and alcoholic liver disease. In: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine Edited by Longo DL, 14th ed. pp. 1704\u20131710. New York: McGraw-Hill;. 1998, 1704-1710."},{"key":"6_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/26.1.100","volume":"26","author":"G Corrao","year":"1997","unstructured":"Corrao G, Ferrari P, Zambon A, Torchio P, Arico S, Decarli A: Trends of liver cirrhosis mortality in Europe, 1970\u20131989: age-period-cohort analysis and changing alcohol consumption. Int J Epidemiol. 1997, 26: 100-109. 10.1093\/ije\/26.1.100.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"6_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/20.1.199","volume":"20","author":"ML Halliday","year":"1991","unstructured":"Halliday ML, Coates RA, Rankin JG: Changing trends of cirrhosis mortality in Ontario, Canada, 1911\u20131986. Int J Epidemiol. 1991, 20: 199-208.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"6_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.319.7211.666","volume":"319","author":"R Roizen","year":"1999","unstructured":"Roizen R, Kerr WC, Fillmore KM: Cirrhosis mortality and per capita consumption of distilled spirits, United States, 1949\u201394: trend analysis. Bmj. 1999, 319: 666-670.","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"key":"6_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)07495-8","volume":"349","author":"CJ Murray","year":"1997","unstructured":"Murray CJ, Lopez AD: Global mortality, disability, and the contribution of risk factors: Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet. 1997, 349: 1436-1442. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)07495-8.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"6_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)07493-4","volume":"349","author":"CJ Murray","year":"1997","unstructured":"Murray CJ, Lopez AD: Mortality by cause for eight regions of the world: Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet. 1997, 349: 1269-1276. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)07493-4.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"6_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(97)80159-6","volume":"27","author":"SW Schalm","year":"1997","unstructured":"Schalm SW: The diagnosis of cirrhosis: clinical relevance and methodology. J Hepatol. 1997, 27: 1118-1119. 10.1016\/S0168-8278(97)80159-6.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"6_CR8","first-page":"66","volume":"92","author":"P Gentilini","year":"1997","unstructured":"Gentilini P, Laffi G, La Villa G, Romanelli RG, Buzzelli G, Casini-Raggi V, Melani L, Mazzanti R, Riccardi D, Pinzani M, Zignego AL: Long course and prognostic factors of virus-induced cirrhosis of the liver. Am J Gastroenterol. 1997, 92: 66-72.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"6_CR9","first-page":"979","volume":"42","author":"F Nevens","year":"1995","unstructured":"Nevens F, Broeckaert L, Rutgeerts P, Van Steenbergen W, Fevery J: The long-term morbidity and mortality rate in a cohort of patients with liver cirrhosis and oesophageal varices. Hepatogastroenterology. 1995, 42: 979-984.","journal-title":"Hepatogastroenterology"},{"key":"6_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02212706","volume":"40","author":"A Propst","year":"1995","unstructured":"Propst A, Propst T, Zangerl G, Ofner D, Judmaier G, Vogel W: Prognosis and life expectancy in chronic liver disease. Dig Dis Sci. 1995, 40: 1805-1815.","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"6_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(94)80115-0","volume":"21","author":"G Realdi","year":"1994","unstructured":"Realdi G, Fattovich G, Hadziyannis S, Schalm SW, Almasio P, Sanchez-Tapias J, Christensen E, Giustina G, Noventa F: Survival and prognostic factors in 366 patients with compensated cirrhosis type B: a multicenter study. The Investigators of the European Concerted Action on Viral Hepatitis (EUROHEP). J Hepatol. 1994, 21: 656-666.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"6_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.1996.v110.pm8608895","volume":"110","author":"SK Roberts","year":"1996","unstructured":"Roberts SK, Therneau TM, Czaja AJ: Prognosis of histological cirrhosis in type 1 autoimmune hepatitis. Gastroenterology. 1996, 110: 848-857.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"6_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.1997.v113.pm9352863","volume":"113","author":"F Oberti","year":"1997","unstructured":"Oberti F, Valsesia E, Pilette C, Rousselet MC, Bedossa P, Aube C, Gallois Y, Rifflet H, Maiga MY, Penneau-Fontbonne D, Cales P: Noninvasive diagnosis of hepatic fibrosis or cirrhosis. Gastroenterology. 1997, 113: 1609-1616.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"6_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1185\/03007999709113333","volume":"13","author":"F Miglio","year":"1997","unstructured":"Miglio F, Valpiani D, Rossellini SR, Ferrieri A: Rifaximin, a non-absorbable rifamycin, for the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy. A double-blind, randomised trial. Curr Med Res Opin. 1997, 13: 593-601.","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"key":"6_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510260606","volume":"26","author":"A Watanabe","year":"1997","unstructured":"Watanabe A, Sakai T, Sato S, Imai F, Ohto M, Arakawa Y, Toda G, Kobayashi K, Muto Y, Tsujii T, Kawasaki H, Okita K, Tanikawa K, Fujiyama S, Shimada S: Clinical efficacy of lactulose in cirrhotic patients with and without subclinical hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatology. 1997, 26: 1410-1414.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"6_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.1999.00919.x","volume":"94","author":"C Camma","year":"1999","unstructured":"Camma C, Giunta M, Pinzello G, Morabito A, Verderio P, Pagliaro L: Chronic hepatitis C and interferon alpha: conventional and cumulative meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials. Am J Gastroenterol. 1999, 94: 581-595. 10.1016\/S0002-9270(98)00800-4.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"6_CR17","first-page":"479","volume-title":"In: Oxford Textbook of Clinical Hepatology Edited by Rodes J, vol. 1. pp. 479\u2013499. Oxford: Oxford Medical Publishers;","author":"N McIntyre","year":"1999","unstructured":"McIntyre N: Symptoms and signs of liver disease. In: Oxford Textbook of Clinical Hepatology Edited by Rodes J, vol. 1. pp. 479\u2013499. Oxford: Oxford Medical Publishers;. 1999, 479-499."},{"key":"6_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70028-2","volume":"36","author":"PJ Mergo","year":"1998","unstructured":"Mergo PJ, Ros PR: Imaging of diffuse liver disease. Radiol Clin North Am. 1998, 36: 365-375.","journal-title":"Radiol Clin North Am"},{"key":"6_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)06373-9","volume":"353","author":"T Albrecht","year":"1999","unstructured":"Albrecht T, Blomley MJ, Cosgrove DO, Taylor-Robinson SD, Jayaram V, Eckersley R, Urbank A, Butler-Barnes J, Patel N: Non-invasive diagnosis of hepatic cirrhosis by transit-time analysis of an ultrasound contrast agent. Lancet. 1999, 353: 1579-1583. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)06373-9.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"6_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.133.1.19","volume":"133","author":"BB Gosink","year":"1979","unstructured":"Gosink BB, Lemon SK, Scheible W, Leopold GR: Accuracy of ultrasonography in diagnosis of hepatocellular disease. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1979, 133: 19-23.","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"6_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(85)90761-9","volume":"89","author":"NL Sanford","year":"1985","unstructured":"Sanford NL, Walsh P, Matis C, Baddeley H, Powell LW: Is ultrasonography useful in the assessment of diffuse parenchymal liver disease?. Gastroenterology. 1985, 89: 186-191.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"6_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-111-6-473","volume":"111","author":"MM Van Ness","year":"1989","unstructured":"Van Ness MM, Diehl AM: Is liver biopsy useful in the evaluation of patients with chronically elevated liver enzymes?. Ann Intern Med. 1989, 111: 473-478.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"6_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(82)73015-9","volume":"28","author":"HJ Nord","year":"1982","unstructured":"Nord HJ: Biopsy diagnosis of cirrhosis: blind percutaneous versus guided direct vision techniques \u2013 a review. Gastrointest Endosc. 1982, 28: 102-104.","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"6_CR24","first-page":"S70","volume":"7 supple","author":"T Poynard","year":"1988","unstructured":"Poynard T, Aubert A, Naveau S, Bedossa P, Abella A, Chaput JC: A computer protocol to predict liver cirrhosis in drinkers [abstract]. J Hepatol. 1988, 7 supple: S70-","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"6_CR25","volume-title":"Evidence-based Medicine: how to practice and teach EBM. New York: Churchill Livingstone;","author":"DL Sackett","year":"1997","unstructured":"Sackett DL, Richardson WS, Rosenberg W, Haynes RB: Evidence-based Medicine: how to practice and teach EBM. New York: Churchill Livingstone;. 1997"},{"key":"6_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-120-8-199404150-00008","volume":"120","author":"L Irwig","year":"1994","unstructured":"Irwig L, Tosteson AN, Gatsonis C, Lau J, Colditz G, Chalmers TC, Mosteller F: Guidelines for meta-analyses evaluating diagnostic tests. Ann Intern Med. 1994, 120: 667-676.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"6_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X9301300313","volume":"13","author":"AS Midgette","year":"1993","unstructured":"Midgette AS, Stukel TA, Littenberg B: A meta-analytic method for summarizing diagnostic test performances: receiver-operating-characteristic-summary point estimates. Med Decis Making. 1993, 13: 253-257.","journal-title":"Med Decis Making"},{"key":"6_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.323.7305.157","volume":"323","author":"JJ Deeks","year":"2001","unstructured":"Deeks JJ: Systematic reviews in health care: Systematic reviews of evaluations of diagnostic and screening tests. Bmj. 2001, 323: 157-162. 10.1136\/bmj.323.7305.157.","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"key":"6_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4780121403","volume":"12","author":"LE Moses","year":"1993","unstructured":"Moses LE, Shapiro D, Littenberg B: Combining independent studies of a diagnostic test into a summary ROC curve: data-analytic approaches and some additional considerations. Stat Med. 1993, 12: 1293-1316.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"6_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X9301300408","volume":"13","author":"B Littenberg","year":"1993","unstructured":"Littenberg B, Moses LE: Estimating diagnostic accuracy from multiple conflicting reports: a new meta-analytic method. Med Decis Making. 1993, 13: 313-321.","journal-title":"Med Decis Making"},{"key":"6_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(94)00099-C","volume":"48","author":"L Irwig","year":"1995","unstructured":"Irwig L, Macaskill P, Glasziou P, Fahey M: Meta-analytic methods for diagnostic test accuracy. J Clin Epidemiol. 1995, 48: 119-130. 10.1016\/0895-4356(94)00099-C.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"6_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1009036","volume":"26","author":"DN Amarapurkar","year":"1994","unstructured":"Amarapurkar DN, Parikh SS, Shankaran K, Chopra K, Dhawan P, Kalro RH, Desai HG: Correlation between splenomegaly and oesophageal varices in patients with liver cirrhosis. Endoscopy. 1994, 26: 563-","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"6_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510230211","volume":"23","author":"P Angeli","year":"1996","unstructured":"Angeli P, Albino G, Carraro P, Dalla Pria M, Merkel C, Caregaro L, De Bei E, Bortoluzzi A, Plebani M, Gatta A: Cirrhosis and muscle cramps: evidence of a causal relationship. Hepatology. 1996, 23: 264-273.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"6_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510300604","volume":"30","author":"P Angulo","year":"1999","unstructured":"Angulo P, Keach JC, Batts KP, Lindor KD: Independent predictors of liver fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology. 1999, 30: 1356-1362.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"6_CR35","first-page":"408","volume":"2","author":"G Cioni","year":"1993","unstructured":"Cioni G, Tincani E, D'Alimonte P, Cristani A, Ventura P, Abbati G, Vignoli A, Romagnoli R, Ventura E: Relevance of reduced portal flow velocity, low platelet count and enlarged spleen diameter in the non-invasive diagnosis of compensated liver cirrhosis. Eur J Med. 1993, 2: 408-410.","journal-title":"Eur J Med"},{"key":"6_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01297048","volume":"32","author":"P Espinoza","year":"1987","unstructured":"Espinoza P, Ducot B, Pelletier G, Attali P, Buffet C, David B, Labayle D, Etienne JP: Interobserver agreement in the physical diagnosis of alcoholic liver disease. Dig Dis Sci. 1987, 32: 244-247.","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"6_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(95)00517-X","volume":"49","author":"KJ Hamberg","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hamberg KJ, Carstensen B, Sorensen TI, Eghoje K: Accuracy of clinical diagnosis of cirrhosis among alcohol-abusing men. J Clin Epidemiol. 1996, 49: 1295-1301. 10.1016\/0895-4356(95)00517-X.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"6_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V69.6.1595.1595","volume":"69","author":"CR Hay","year":"1987","unstructured":"Hay CR, Preston FE, Triger DR, Greaves M, Underwood JC, Westlake L: Predictive markers of chronic liver disease in hemophilia. Blood. 1987, 69: 1595-1599.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"6_CR39","first-page":"369","volume":"121","author":"H Iturriaga","year":"1993","unstructured":"Iturriaga H, Hirsch S, Bunout D, Diaz M, Kelly M, Silva G, de la Maza MP, Petermann M, Ugarte G: [Prediction of histological liver damage in asymptomatic alcoholic patients by means of clinical and laboratory data]. Rev Med Chil. 1993, 121: 369-378.","journal-title":"Rev Med Chil"},{"key":"6_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(88)80230-4","volume":"85","author":"BA Lashner","year":"1988","unstructured":"Lashner BA, Jonas RB, Tang HS, Evans AA, Ozeran SE, Baker AL: Chronic hepatitis: disease factors at diagnosis predictive of mortality. Am J Med. 1988, 85: 609-614.","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"6_CR41","first-page":"1","volume":"25","author":"R Marmo","year":"1993","unstructured":"Marmo R, Romano M, de Sio I, Peduto A, Caporaso N, Persico M, Coltorti M: Decision-making model for a non-invasive diagnosis of compensated liver cirrhosis. Ital J Gastroenterol. 1993, 25: 1-8.","journal-title":"Ital J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"6_CR42","first-page":"557","volume":"23","author":"C Pilette","year":"1999","unstructured":"Pilette C, Croquet V, Vuillemin E, Oberti F, Cales P: [Non-invasive and early diagnosis of liver cirrhosis]. Gastroenterol Clin Biol. 1999, 23: 557-565.","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Clin Biol"},{"key":"6_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(00)70364-7","volume":"118","author":"V Ratziu","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ratziu V, Giral P, Charlotte F, Bruckert E, Thibault V, Theodorou I, Khalil L, Turpin G, Opolon P, Poynard T: Liver fibrosis in overweight patients. Gastroenterology. 2000, 118: 1117-1123.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"6_CR44","first-page":"1428","volume":"90","author":"M Zoli","year":"1995","unstructured":"Zoli M, Magalotti D, Grimaldi M, Gueli C, Marchesini G, Pisi E: Physical examination of the liver: is it still worth it?. Am J Gastroenterol. 1995, 90: 1428-1432.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"6_CR45","first-page":"442","volume":"78","author":"G Cozzolino","year":"1983","unstructured":"Cozzolino G, Lonardo A, Francica G, Amendola F, Cacciatore L: Differential diagnosis between hepatic cirrhosis and chronic active hepatitis: specificity and sensitivity of physical and laboratory findings in a series from the Mediterranean area. Am J Gastroenterol. 1983, 78: 442-445.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"6_CR46","first-page":"360","volume":"55","author":"AJ Czaja","year":"1980","unstructured":"Czaja AJ, Wolf AM, Baggenstoss AH: Clinical assessment of cirrhosis in severe chronic active liver disease: specificity and sensitivity of physical and laboratory findings. Mayo Clin Proc. 1980, 55: 360-364.","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"6_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840090205","volume":"9","author":"JE Hay","year":"1989","unstructured":"Hay JE, Czaja AJ, Rakela J, Ludwig J: The nature of unexplained chronic aminotransferase elevations of a mild to moderate degree in asymptomatic patients. Hepatology. 1989, 9: 193-197.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"6_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-196011000-00004","volume":"240","author":"JB Martin","year":"1960","unstructured":"Martin JB, Apostolakos PC, Roazen H: Clinical versus actuarial prediction in the differential diagnosis of jaundice. Am J Med Sci. 1960, 240: 571-578.","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"6_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.93.179","volume":"93","author":"T Nakamura","year":"1967","unstructured":"Nakamura T, Nakamura S, Suzuki O, Aikawa T, Onodera A, Karoji N: Clinical studies of alcoholic hepatic diseases. Tohoku J Exp Med. 1967, 93: 179-189.","journal-title":"Tohoku J Exp Med"},{"key":"6_CR50","first-page":"166","volume":"14","author":"L Pagliaro","year":"1982","unstructured":"Pagliaro L, Rinaldi F, Craxi A, Di Franco C, Di Piazza S, Fillippazzo G, Magrin S, Maringhini A, Palazzo U, Vinci M: Predictive value of clinical, laparoscopic and histologic indicators of cirrhosis. Ital J Gastroenterol. 1982, 14: 166-168.","journal-title":"Ital J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"6_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1978.tb04738.x","volume":"2","author":"JG Rankin","year":"1978","unstructured":"Rankin JG, Orrego-Matte H, Deschenes J, Medline A, Findlay JE, Armstrong AI: Alcoholic liver disease: the problem of diagnosis. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1978, 2: 327-338.","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"6_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.3109\/00365528009181802","volume":"15","author":"GC Sanchez","year":"1980","unstructured":"Sanchez GC, Baunsgaard P, Lundborg CJ: A comparison between clinical diagnosis and histopathological findings in liver biopsies. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1980, 15: 985-991.","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"6_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02232364","volume":"7","author":"S Schenker","year":"1962","unstructured":"Schenker S, Balint J, Schiff L: Differential diagnosis of jaundice: report of a prospective study of 61 proved cases. Am J Dig Dis. 1962, 7: 449-463.","journal-title":"Am J Dig Dis"},{"key":"6_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(95)29042-7","volume":"108 suppl","author":"JC Teran","year":"1995","unstructured":"Teran JC, Bashour FN, Sondhi SS, Mullet KD: Validation of a discriminant score for the diagnosis of cirrhosis in patients with chronic hepatitis [abstract]. Gastoenterology. 1995, 108 suppl: 1185-","journal-title":"Gastoenterology"},{"key":"6_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0676.1983.tb00883.x","volume":"3","author":"A Theodossi","year":"1983","unstructured":"Theodossi A, Spiegelhalter D, Portmann B, Eddleston AL, Williams R: The value of clinical, biochemical, ultrasound and liver biopsy data in assessing patients with liver disease. Liver. 1983, 3: 315-326.","journal-title":"Liver"},{"key":"6_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-5089(21)00723-9","volume":"14","author":"A Theodossi","year":"1985","unstructured":"Theodossi A: The value of symptoms and signs in the assessment of jaundiced patients. Clin Gastroenterol. 1985, 14: 545-557.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"6_CR57","first-page":"187","volume-title":"In: Chronic liver damage Edited by Gentilini P. pp. 187\u2013198. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers;","author":"F Tine","year":"1990","unstructured":"Tine F, Caltagirone M, Camma C, Cottone M, Craxi A, Filippazzo MG, Malizia G, Palazzo U, Pinzello GB, Pisa R, Vinci M, Vizzini GB, Pagliaro L: Clinical indicants of compensated cirrhosis: a prospective study. In: Chronic liver damage Edited by Gentilini P. pp. 187\u2013198. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers;. 1990, 187-198."},{"key":"6_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1994.03510470063036","volume":"271","author":"CD Naylor","year":"1994","unstructured":"Naylor CD: Physical examination of the liver. Jama. 1994, 271: 1859-1865. 10.1001\/jama.271.23.1859.","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"6_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2218","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1993.03510180088040","volume":"270","author":"SA Grover","year":"1993","unstructured":"Grover SA, Barkun AN, Sackett DL: Does this patient have splenomegaly?. Jama. 1993, 270: 2218-2221. 10.1001\/jama.270.18.2218.","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"6_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2645","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1992.03480190087038","volume":"267","author":"JW Williams Jr","year":"1992","unstructured":"Williams JW, Simel DL: Does this patient have ascites? How to divine fluid in the abdomen. Jama. 1992, 267: 2645-2648. 10.1001\/jama.267.19.2645.","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"6_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)01174-5","volume":"354","author":"FA McAlister","year":"1999","unstructured":"McAlister FA, Straus SE, Sackett DL: Why we need large, simple studies of the clinical examination: the problem and a proposed solution. CARE-COAD1 group. Clinical Assessment of the Reliability of the Examination-Chronic Obstructive Airways Disease Group. Lancet. 1999, 354: 1721-1724. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)01174-5.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"6_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1989.03420110086029","volume":"261","author":"RE Anderson","year":"1989","unstructured":"Anderson RE, Hill RB, Key CR: The sensitivity and specificity of clinical diagnostics during five decades. Toward an understanding of necessary fallibility. Jama. 1989, 261: 1610-1617. 10.1001\/jama.261.11.1610.","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"6_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02595925","volume":"3","author":"EJ Boyko","year":"1988","unstructured":"Boyko EJ, Alderman BW, Baron AE: Reference test errors bias the evaluation of diagnostic tests for ischemic heart disease. J Gen Intern Med. 1988, 3: 476-481.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"6_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/93.2.252","volume":"93","author":"PN Valenstein","year":"1990","unstructured":"Valenstein PN: Evaluating diagnostic tests with imperfect standards. Am J Clin Pathol. 1990, 93: 252-258.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"6_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a120610","volume":"83","author":"JJ Gart","year":"1966","unstructured":"Gart JJ, Buck AA: Comparison of a screening test and a reference test in epidemiologic studies. II. A probabilistic model for the comparison of diagnostic tests. Am J Epidemiol. 1966, 83: 593-602.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"6_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(99)00086-4","volume":"52","author":"SD Walter","year":"1999","unstructured":"Walter SD, Irwig L, Glasziou PP: Meta-analysis of diagnostic tests with imperfect reference standards. J Clin Epidemiol. 1999, 52: 943-951. 10.1016\/S0895-4356(99)00086-4.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"6_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.11.1061","volume":"282","author":"JG Lijmer","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lijmer JG, Mol BW, Heisterkamp S, Bonsel GJ, Prins MH, van der Meulen JH, Bossuyt PM: Empirical evidence of design-related bias in studies of diagnostic tests. Jama. 1999, 282: 1061-1066. 10.1001\/jama.282.11.1061.","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"6_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199901000-00012","volume":"10","author":"SD Walter","year":"1999","unstructured":"Walter SD: Estimation of test sensitivity and specificity when disease confirmation is limited to positive results. Epidemiology. 1999, 10: 67-72.","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"6_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.1991.tb00425.x","volume":"230","author":"N Graudal","year":"1991","unstructured":"Graudal N, Leth P, Marbjerg L, Galloe AM: Characteristics of cirrhosis undiagnosed during life: a comparative analysis of 73 undiagnosed cases and 149 diagnosed cases of cirrhosis, detected in 4929 consecutive autopsies. J Intern Med. 1991, 230: 165-171.","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"6_CR70","first-page":"775","volume":"61","author":"SJ O'Keefe","year":"1982","unstructured":"O'Keefe SJ, Simjee AE, Seedat YK: Clinical presentation and biochemical abnormalities in black (Zulu) patients with cirrhosis in Durban. S Afr Med J. 1982, 61: 775-778.","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"key":"6_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200108233450812","volume":"345","author":"JK Perloff","year":"2001","unstructured":"Perloff JK: The jugular venous pulse and third heart sound in patients with heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2001, 345: 612-614. 10.1056\/NEJM200108233450812.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"}],"container-title":["BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1472-6947-1-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1472-6947-1-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1472-6947-1-6","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1472-6947-1-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]],"date-time":"2024-09-13T15:12:15Z","timestamp":1726240335000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1472-6947-1-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,12,18]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1472-6947-1-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6947"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6947","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,12,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 September 2001","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 December 2001","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 December 2001","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"6"}}