{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,21]],"date-time":"2026-06-21T08:20:59Z","timestamp":1782030059991,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,13]],"date-time":"2012-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1347494400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med Inform Decis Mak"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Electronic health records are increasingly being used to facilitate referral communication in the outpatient setting. However, despite support by technology, referral communication between primary care providers and specialists is often unsatisfactory and is unable to eliminate care delays. This may be in part due to lack of attention to how information and communication technology fits within the social environment of health care. Making electronic referral communication effective requires a multifaceted \u201csocio-technical\u201d approach. Using an 8-dimensional socio-technical model for health information technology as a framework, we describe ten recommendations that represent good clinical practices to design, develop, implement, improve, and monitor electronic referral communication in the outpatient setting. These recommendations were developed on the basis of our previous work, current literature, sound clinical practice, and a systems-based approach to understanding and implementing health information technology solutions. Recommendations are relevant to system designers, practicing clinicians, and other stakeholders considering use of electronic health records to support referral communication.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6947-12-107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,14]],"date-time":"2012-09-14T14:31:05Z","timestamp":1347633065000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Improving the Effectiveness of Electronic Health Record-Based Referral Processes"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Adol","family":"Esquivel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dean F","family":"Sittig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel R","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hardeep","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"551_CR1","volume-title":"A textbook of family medicine","author":"IR McWhinney","year":"1997","unstructured":"McWhinney IR: A textbook of family medicine. 1997, USA: Oxford University Press"},{"key":"551_CR2","first-page":"39","volume":"6","author":"SM Shortell","year":"1971","unstructured":"Shortell SM, Anderson OW: The physician referral process: a theoretical perspective. Health Serv Res. 1971, 6: 39-48.","journal-title":"Health Serv Res"},{"key":"551_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02596304","volume":"2","author":"JC Byrd","year":"1987","unstructured":"Byrd JC, Moskowitz MA: Outpatient consultation: interaction between the general internist and the specialist. J Gen Intern Med. 1987, 2: 93-98. 10.1007\/BF02596304.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"551_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.304.6830.821","volume":"304","author":"J Newton","year":"1992","unstructured":"Newton J, Eccles M, Hutchinson A: Communication between general practitioners and consultants: what should their letters contain?. BMJ. 1992, 304: 821-824. 10.1136\/bmj.304.6830.821.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"551_CR5","first-page":"445","volume":"40","author":"RF Westerman","year":"1990","unstructured":"Westerman RF, Hull FM, Bezemer PD, Gort G: A study of communication between general practitioners and specialists. Br J Gen Pract. 1990, 40: 445-449.","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"key":"551_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2009.140","volume":"169","author":"AHM Chen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chen AHM, Yee HF: Improving the primary care-specialty care interface: getting from here to there. Arch Intern Med. 2009, 169: 1024-1026. 10.1001\/archinternmed.2009.140.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"551_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1984.00350180209029","volume":"144","author":"SJ McPhee","year":"1984","unstructured":"McPhee SJ, Lo B, Saika GY, Meltzer R: How good is communication between primary care physicians and subspecialty consultants?. Arch Intern Med. 1984, 144: 1265-1268. 10.1001\/archinte.1984.00350180209029.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"551_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2000.91119.x","volume":"15","author":"TK Gandhi","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gandhi TK, Sittig DF, Franklin M, Sussman AJ, Fairchild DG, Bates DW: Communication breakdown in the outpatient referral process. J Gen Intern Med. 2000, 15: 626-631. 10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2000.91119.x.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"551_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-6-84","volume":"6","author":"SJ Hysong","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hysong SJ, Esquivel A, Sittig DF, Paul LA, Espadas D, Singh S, Singh H: Towards successful coordination of electronic health record based-referrals: a qualitative analysis. Implement Sci. 2011, 6: 84-10.1186\/1748-5908-6-84.","journal-title":"Implement Sci"},{"key":"551_CR10","first-page":"56","volume":"171","author":"AS O\u2019Malley","year":"2011","unstructured":"O\u2019Malley AS, Reschovsky JD: Referral and consultation communication between primary care and specialist physicians: Finding common ground. Arch Intern Med. 2011, 171: 56-65.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"551_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.325.7360.370","volume":"325","author":"CB Forrest","year":"2002","unstructured":"Forrest CB, Majeed A, Weiner JP, Carroll K, Bindman AB: Comparison of specialty referral rates in the United Kingdom and the United States: retrospective cohort analysis. BMJ. 2002, 325: 370-371. 10.1136\/bmj.325.7360.370.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"551_CR12","first-page":"437","volume":"297","author":"M Roland","year":"1988","unstructured":"Roland M: General practitioner referral rates. BMJ. 1988, 297: 437-438.","journal-title":"General practitioner referral rates. BMJ"},{"key":"551_CR13","first-page":"899","volume":"36","author":"TF Williams","year":"1961","unstructured":"Williams TF, White KL, Fleming WL, Greenberg BG: The referral process in medical care and the university clinic\u2019s role. J Med Educ. 1961, 36: 899-907.","journal-title":"J Med Educ"},{"key":"551_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1097\/JAC.0b013e3181d91670","volume":"33","author":"GJ Deckard","year":"2010","unstructured":"Deckard GJ, Borkowski N, Diaz D, Sanchez C, Boisette SA: Improving timeliness and efficiency in the referral process for safety net providers: application of the Lean Six Sigma methodology. J Ambul Care Manage. 2010, 33: 124-130.","journal-title":"J Ambul Care Manage"},{"key":"551_CR15","first-page":"6","volume":"13","author":"R Javalgi","year":"1993","unstructured":"Javalgi R, Joseph WB, Gombeski WR, Lester JA: How physicians make referrals. J Health Care Mark. 1993, 13: 6-17.","journal-title":"J Health Care Mark"},{"key":"551_CR16","first-page":"107","volume":"47","author":"S Jenkins","year":"1997","unstructured":"Jenkins S, Arroll B, Hawken S, Nicholson R: Referral letters: are form letters better?. Br J Gen Pract. 1997, 47: 107-108.","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"key":"551_CR17","first-page":"523","volume":"11","author":"C Munro","year":"1989","unstructured":"Munro C: Referral of Patients-A Neglected Aspect of Medical Practice. Hong Kong Prac. 1989, 11: 523-6.","journal-title":"Hong Kong Prac"},{"key":"551_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-5056(99)00027-1","volume":"55","author":"DF Sittig","year":"1999","unstructured":"Sittig DF, Gandhi TK, Franklin M, Turetsky M, Sussman AJ, Fairchild DG, Bates DW, Komaroff AL, Teich JM: A computer-based outpatient clinical referral system. Int J Med Inform. 1999, 55: 149-158. 10.1016\/S1386-5056(99)00027-1.","journal-title":"Int J Med Inform"},{"key":"551_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-009-0955-3","volume":"24","author":"Y Kim","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kim Y, Chen AH, Keith E, Yee HF, Kushel MB: Not perfect, but better: primary care providers\u2019 experiences with electronic referrals in a safety net health system. J Gen Intern Med. 2009, 24: 614-619. 10.1007\/s11606-009-0955-3.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"551_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(83)91126-9","volume":"74","author":"T Lee","year":"1983","unstructured":"Lee T, Pappius EM, Goldman L: Impact of inter-physician communication on the effectiveness of medical consultations. Am J Med. 1983, 74: 106-112. 10.1016\/0002-9343(83)91126-9.","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"551_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1136\/qshc.2007.025486","volume":"18","author":"J Conley","year":"2009","unstructured":"Conley J, Jordan M, Ghali WA: Audit of the consultation process on general internal medicine services. Qual Saf Health Care. 2009, 18: 59-62. 10.1136\/qshc.2007.025486.","journal-title":"Qual Saf Health Care"},{"key":"551_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1980.03300420034022","volume":"243","author":"RO Cummins","year":"1980","unstructured":"Cummins RO, Smith RW, Inui TS: Communication failure in primary care. Failure of consultants to provide follow-up information. JAMA. 1980, 243: 1650-1652. 10.1001\/jama.1980.03300420034022.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"551_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2011.722","volume":"172","author":"ML Barnett","year":"2012","unstructured":"Barnett ML, Song Z, Landon BE: Trends in Physician Referrals in the United States, 1999\u20132009. Arch Intern Med. 2012, 172: 163-170. 10.1001\/archinternmed.2011.722.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"551_CR24","unstructured":"Public Inspection: Medicare and Medicaid Programs: Electronic Health Record Incentive Program -Stage 2. [https:\/\/www.federalregister.gov\/articles\/2012\/03\/07\/2012-04443\/electronic-health-record-incentive-program--stage-2-medicare-and-medicaid-programs]"},{"key":"551_CR25","first-page":"1730","volume":"2009","author":"NA Kalogriopoulos","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kalogriopoulos NA, Baran J, Nimunkar AJ, Webster JG: Electronic medical record systems for developing countries: review. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2009, 2009: 1730-1733.","journal-title":"Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc"},{"key":"551_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2010.0155","volume":"29","author":"JS McCullough","year":"2010","unstructured":"McCullough JS, Casey M, Moscovice I, Prasad S: The effect of health information technology on quality in U.S. hospitals. Health Aff (Millwood). 2010, 29: 647-654. 10.1377\/hlthaff.2010.0155.","journal-title":"Health Aff (Millwood)"},{"key":"551_CR27","first-page":"255","volume":"17","author":"J Roberts","year":"2009","unstructured":"Roberts J: Personal electronic health records: from biomedical research to people\u2019s health. Inform Prim Care. 2009, 17: 255-260.","journal-title":"Inform Prim Care"},{"key":"551_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp0912825","volume":"362","author":"D Blumenthal","year":"2010","unstructured":"Blumenthal D: Launching HITECH. N Engl J Med. 2010, 362: 382-385. 10.1056\/NEJMp0912825.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"551_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-010-1501-z","volume":"26","author":"H Singh","year":"2011","unstructured":"Singh H, Esquivel A, Sittig DF, Murphy D, Kadiyala H, Schiesser R, Espadas D, Petersen LA: Follow-up actions on electronic referral communication in a multispecialty outpatient setting. J Gen Intern Med. 2011, 26: 64-69. 10.1007\/s11606-010-1501-z.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"551_CR30","first-page":"175","volume":"157","author":"LL Novak","year":"2010","unstructured":"Novak LL: Improving health IT through understanding the cultural production of safety in clinical settings. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2010, 157: 175-180.","journal-title":"Stud Health Technol Inform"},{"key":"551_CR31","first-page":"13","volume":"Suppl","author":"D Callahan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Callahan D: Medical progress: unintended consequences. Hastings Cent Rep. 2009, Suppl: 13-14.","journal-title":"Hastings Cent Rep"},{"key":"551_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2009.05.009","volume":"43","author":"EV Bernstam","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bernstam EV, Hersh WR, Sim I, Eichmann D, Silverstein JC, Smith JW, Becich MJ: Unintended consequences of health information technology: a need for biomedical informatics. J Biomed Inform. 2010, 43: 828-830. 10.1016\/j.jbi.2009.05.009.","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"key":"551_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-009-0971-3","volume":"24","author":"M Weiner","year":"2009","unstructured":"Weiner M, El Hoyek G, Wang L, Dexter PR, Zerr AD, Perkins AJ, James F, Juneja R: A web-based generalist-specialist system to improve scheduling of outpatient specialty consultations in an academic center. J Gen Intern Med. 2009, 24: 710-715. 10.1007\/s11606-009-0971-3.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"551_CR34","first-page":"223","volume":"57","author":"LJ Shaw","year":"2007","unstructured":"Shaw LJ, de Berker DAR: Strengths and weaknesses of electronic referral: comparison of data content and clinical value of electronic and paper referrals in dermatology. Br J Gen Pract. 2007, 57: 223-224.","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"key":"551_CR35","first-page":"94","volume-title":"AMIA Annu Symp Proc","author":"EM Campbell","year":"2007","unstructured":"Campbell EM, Sittig DF, Guappone KP, Dykstra RH, Ash JS: Overdependence on technology: an unintended adverse consequence of computerized provider order entry. AMIA Annu Symp Proc. 2007, 94-98."},{"key":"551_CR36","volume-title":"Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act","author":"U.S. Congress","year":"2010","unstructured":"U.S. Congress: Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. 2010"},{"key":"551_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.1513","volume":"304","author":"ES Fisher","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fisher ES, Shortell SM: Accountable Care Organizations. JAMA. 2010, 304: 1715-1716. 10.1001\/jama.2010.1513.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"551_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2407","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.1751","volume":"304","author":"J Mountford","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mountford J, Davie C: Toward an Outcomes-Based Health Care System. JAMA. 2010, 304: 2407-2408. 10.1001\/jama.2010.1751.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"551_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2010.0027","volume":"29","author":"AH Chen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chen AH, Kushel MB, Grumbach K, Yee HF: Practice profile. A safety-net system gains efficiencies through \u201ceReferrals\u201d to specialists. Health Aff (Millwood). 2010, 29: 969-971. 10.1377\/hlthaff.2010.0027.","journal-title":"Health Aff (Millwood)"},{"key":"551_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1311","volume":"302","author":"DF Sittig","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sittig DF, Singh H: Eight rights of safe electronic health record use. JAMA. 2009, 302: 1111-1113. 10.1001\/jama.2009.1311.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"551_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1634349","volume":"42","author":"M Berg","year":"2003","unstructured":"Berg M, Aarts J, van der Lei J: ICT in health care: sociotechnical approaches. Methods Inf Med. 2003, 42: 297-301.","journal-title":"Methods Inf Med"},{"key":"551_CR42","volume-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","author":"JM Grimshaw","year":"2005","unstructured":"Grimshaw JM, Winkens RAG, Shirran L, Cunningham C, Mayhew A, Thomas R, Fraser C: Interventions to improve outpatient referrals from primary care to secondary care. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005, CD005471"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"551_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i68","DOI":"10.1136\/qshc.2010.042085","volume":"19","author":"DF Sittig","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sittig DF, Singh H: A new sociotechnical model for studying health information technology in complex adaptive healthcare systems. Qual Saf Health Care. 2010, 19 (Suppl 3): i68-74. 10.1136\/qshc.2010.042085.","journal-title":"Qual Saf Health Care"},{"key":"551_CR44","volume-title":"Electronic Health Record Usability: Interface Design Considerations","author":"D Armijo","year":"2009","unstructured":"Armijo D, McDonnell C, Werner K: Electronic Health Record Usability: Interface Design Considerations. 2009, Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, AHRQ Publication No. 09(10)-0091-2-EF"},{"key":"551_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.IR.7741","volume-title":"NIST Guide to the Processes Approach for Improving the Usability of Electronic Health Records","author":"RM Schumacher","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schumacher RM, Lowry SZ: NIST Guide to the Processes Approach for Improving the Usability of Electronic Health Records. 2010, Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 5-10."},{"key":"551_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2010.484","volume":"171","author":"AH Chen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chen AH, Yee HF: Improving primary care-specialty care communication: lessons from San Francisco\u2019s safety net: comment on \u201cReferral and consultation communication between primary care and specialist physicians. Arch Intern Med. 2011, 171: 65-67. 10.1001\/archinternmed.2010.484.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"551_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-010-1402-1","volume":"25","author":"JE Kim-Hwang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kim-Hwang JE, Chen AH, Bell DS, Guzman D, Yee HF, Kushel MB: Evaluating electronic referrals for specialty care at a public hospital. J Gen Intern Med. 2010, 25: 1123-1128. 10.1007\/s11606-010-1402-1.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"551_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2011.1290","volume":"172","author":"MH Katz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Katz MH: How can we know so little about physician referrals?. Arch. Intern. Med. 2012, 172: 100-10.1001\/archinternmed.2011.1290.","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med"},{"key":"551_CR49","first-page":"14","volume":"8","author":"KM Augestad","year":"2008","unstructured":"Augestad KM, Revhaug A, Vonen B, Johnsen R, Lindsetmo R-O: The one-stop trial: does electronic referral and booking by the general practitioner (GPs) to outpatient day case surgery reduce waiting time and costs?. A randomized controlled trial protocol. BMC Surg. 2008, 8: 14-","journal-title":"A randomized controlled trial protocol. BMC Surg"},{"key":"551_CR50","series-title":"Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality","first-page":"4","volume-title":"Advances in Patient Safety: New Directions and Alternative Approaches","author":"TK Gandhi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gandhi TK, Keating NL, Ditmore M, Kiernan D, Johnson R, Burdick E, Hamann C: Advances in Patient Safety: New Directions and Alternative Approaches. Edited by: Henriksen K, Battles JB, Keyes MA, Grady ML Rockville MD. 2008, 4- Improving referral communication using a referral tool within an electronic medical record, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality"},{"key":"551_CR51","first-page":"12","volume-title":"Proc AMIA Annu Fall Symp","author":"PC Tang","year":"1996","unstructured":"Tang PC, Jaworski MA, Fellencer CA, Kreider N, LaRosa MP, Marquardt WC: Clinician information activities in diverse ambulatory care practices. Proc AMIA Annu Fall Symp. 1996, 12-16."},{"key":"551_CR52","first-page":"89","volume":"27","author":"E Coiera","year":"2006","unstructured":"Coiera E: Communication systems in healthcare. Clin Biochem Rev. 2006, 27: 89-98.","journal-title":"Clin Biochem Rev"},{"key":"551_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e27","DOI":"10.1136\/qshc.2008.029967","volume":"19","author":"H Singh","year":"2010","unstructured":"Singh H, Petersen LA, Daci K, Collins C, Khan M, El-Serag HB: Reducing referral delays in colorectal cancer diagnosis: is it about how you ask?. Qual Saf Health Care. 2010, 19: e27-","journal-title":"Qual Saf Health Care"},{"key":"551_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1159\/000053328","volume":"57","author":"KJ Robertson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Robertson KJ: Diabetes and the Internet. Horm Res. 2002, 57: 110-112. 10.1159\/000053328.","journal-title":"Horm Res"},{"key":"551_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1080\/0309190031000087298","volume":"27","author":"S Saxena","year":"2003","unstructured":"Saxena S, Kumar V, Giri V: Telecardiology for effective healthcare services. J Med Eng Technol. 2003, 27: 149-10.1080\/0309190031000087298.","journal-title":"J Med Eng Technol"},{"key":"551_CR56","first-page":"959","volume":"2005","author":"S Forti","year":"2005","unstructured":"Forti S, Galvagni M, Galligioni E, Eccher C: A real time teleconsultation system for sharing an oncologic web-based electronic medical record. AMIA Annu Symp Proc. 2005, 2005: 959-","journal-title":"AMIA Annu Symp Proc"},{"key":"551_CR57","first-page":"8","volume":"82","author":"AE Gwozdek","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gwozdek AE, Klausner CP, Kerschbaum WE: The utilization of Computer Mediated Communication for case study collaboration. J Dent Hyg. 2008, 82: 8-","journal-title":"J Dent Hyg"},{"key":"551_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1136\/jamia.2000.0070277","volume":"7","author":"E Coiera","year":"2000","unstructured":"Coiera E: When conversation is better than computation. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2000, 7: 277-286. 10.1136\/jamia.2000.0070277.","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"key":"551_CR59","first-page":"201","volume":"17","author":"A Esquivel","year":"2009","unstructured":"Esquivel A, Dunn K, McLane S, Te\u2019eni D, Zhang J, Turley JP: When your words count: a discriminative model to predict approval of referrals. Inform Prim Care. 2009, 17: 201-207.","journal-title":"Inform Prim Care"},{"key":"551_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1994.tb125869.x","volume":"160","author":"PH Graham","year":"1994","unstructured":"Graham PH: Improving communication with specialists. The case of an oncology clinic. Med J Aust. 1994, 160: 625-627.","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"551_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1001\/archfami.4.5.403","volume":"4","author":"RM Epstein","year":"1995","unstructured":"Epstein RM: Communication between primary care physicians and consultants. Arch Fam Med. 1995, 4: 403-409. 10.1001\/archfami.4.5.403.","journal-title":"Arch Fam Med"},{"key":"551_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1136\/qshc.2.2.96","volume":"2","author":"GB Tan","year":"1993","unstructured":"Tan GB, Cohen H, Taylor FC, Gabbay J: Referral of patients to an anticoagulant clinic: implications for better management. Qual Health Care. 1993, 2: 96-99. 10.1136\/qshc.2.2.96.","journal-title":"Qual Health Care"},{"key":"551_CR63","first-page":"131","volume":"21","author":"R Elcuaz Viscarret","year":"1998","unstructured":"Elcuaz Viscarret R, Beorlegui Azn\u00e1rez J, Cort\u00e9s Ugalde F, Go\u00f1i Murillo C, Espelos\u00edn Betelu G, Sagredo Arce T: Analysis of emergency referrals to dermatology. Aten Primaria. 1998, 21: 131-136.","journal-title":"Aten Primaria"},{"key":"551_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2008.196","volume":"23","author":"JR Cameron","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cameron JR, Ahmed S, Curry P, Forrest G, Sanders R: Impact of direct electronic optometric referral with ocular imaging to a hospital eye service. Eye (Lond). 2009, 23: 1134-1140. 10.1038\/eye.2008.196.","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"551_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1258\/jtt.2009.003016","volume":"15","author":"K Scott","year":"2009","unstructured":"Scott K: The Swansea electronic referrals project. J Telemed Telecare. 2009, 15: 156-158. 10.1258\/jtt.2009.003016.","journal-title":"J Telemed Telecare"},{"key":"551_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-5994.2005.00860.x","volume":"35","author":"L Piterman","year":"2005","unstructured":"Piterman L, Koritsas S: Part II. General practitioner-specialist referral process. Intern Med J. 2005, 35: 491-496. 10.1111\/j.1445-5994.2005.00860.x.","journal-title":"Intern Med J"},{"key":"551_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1983.00350090131022","volume":"143","author":"L Goldman","year":"1983","unstructured":"Goldman L, Lee T, Rudd P: Ten commandments for effective consultations. Arch Intern Med. 1983, 143: 1753-1755. 10.1001\/archinte.1983.00350090131022.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"551_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2009.114","volume":"169","author":"CB Forrest","year":"2009","unstructured":"Forrest CB: A typology of specialists\u2019 clinical roles. Arch Intern Med. 2009, 169: 1062-1068.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"551_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.167.3.271","volume":"167","author":"SM Salerno","year":"2007","unstructured":"Salerno SM, Hurst FP, Halvorson S, Mercado DL: Principles of effective consultation: an update for the 21st-century consultant. Arch Intern Med. 2007, 167: 271-275. 10.1001\/archinte.167.3.271.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"551_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PCAMA.0000327413.01849.04","volume":"13","author":"AJ Mitus","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mitus AJ: The birth of InterQual: evidence-based decision support criteria that helped change healthcare. Prof Case Manag. 2008, 13: 228-233.","journal-title":"Prof Case Manag"},{"key":"551_CR71","unstructured":"CM protocol results in decreased denials. Healthcare Benchmarks Qual Improv. 2009, 16: 20-22."},{"key":"551_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/18.2.135","volume":"18","author":"A Lucassen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lucassen A, Watson E, Harcourt J, Rose P, O\u2019Grady J: Guidelines for referral to a regional genetics service: GPs respond by referring more appropriate cases. Fam Pract. 2001, 18: 135-140. 10.1093\/fampra\/18.2.135.","journal-title":"Fam Pract"},{"key":"551_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.307.6917.1467","volume":"307","author":"A Fertig","year":"1993","unstructured":"Fertig A, Roland M, King H, Moore T: Understanding variation in rates of referral among general practitioners: are inappropriate referrals important and would guidelines help to reduce rates?. BMJ. 1993, 307: 1467-1470. 10.1136\/bmj.307.6917.1467.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"551_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1136\/jamia.2009.000927","volume":"17","author":"SR Reti","year":"2010","unstructured":"Reti SR, Feldman HJ, Ross SE, Safran C: Improving personal health records for patient-centered care. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2010, 17: 192-195. 10.1136\/jamia.2009.000927.","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"key":"551_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3307","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2009.25.6636","volume":"28","author":"H Singh","year":"2010","unstructured":"Singh H, Hirani K, Kadiyala H, Rudomiotov O, Davis T, Khan MM, Wahls TL: Characteristics and Predictors of Missed Opportunities in Lung Cancer Diagnosis: An Electronic Health Record\u2013Based Study. J Clin Oncol. 2010, 28: 3307-3315. 10.1200\/JCO.2009.25.6636.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"551_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-5056(98)00021-5","volume":"49","author":"F de Meyer","year":"1998","unstructured":"de Meyer F, Lundgren PA, de Moor G, Fiers T: Determination of user requirements for the secure communication of electronic medical record information. Int J Med Inform. 1998, 49: 125-130. 10.1016\/S1386-5056(98)00021-5.","journal-title":"Int J Med Inform"},{"key":"551_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1197\/jamia.M2025","volume":"13","author":"PC Tang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tang PC, Ash JS, Bates DW, Overhage JM, Sands DZ: Personal health records: definitions, benefits, and strategies for overcoming barriers to adoption. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2006, 13: 121-126. 10.1197\/jamia.M2025.","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"key":"551_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1497.2005.0178.x","volume":"20","author":"K Davis","year":"2005","unstructured":"Davis K, Schoenbaum SC, Audet A-M: A 2020 vision of patient-centered primary care. J Gen Intern Med. 2005, 20: 953-957. 10.1111\/j.1525-1497.2005.0178.x.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"551_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.1002","volume":"7","author":"PA Nutting","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nutting PA, Miller WL, Crabtree BF, Jaen CR, Stewart EE, Stange KC: Initial lessons from the first national demonstration project on practice transformation to a patient-centered medical home. Ann Fam Med. 2009, 7: 254-260. 10.1370\/afm.1002.","journal-title":"Ann Fam Med"},{"key":"551_CR80","first-page":"e71","volume":"15","author":"RJ Reid","year":"2009","unstructured":"Reid RJ, Fishman PA, Yu O, Ross TR, Tufano JT, Soman MP, Larson EB: Patient-centered medical home demonstration: a prospective, quasi-experimental, before and after evaluation. Am J Manag Care. 2009, 15: e71-87.","journal-title":"Am J Manag Care"},{"key":"551_CR81","first-page":"871","volume":"2006","author":"D Carrell","year":"2006","unstructured":"Carrell D, Ralston JD: Variation in Adoption Rates of a Patient Web Portal with a Shared Medical Record by Age, Gender, and Morbidity Level. AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings. 2006, 2006: 871-","journal-title":"AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings"},{"key":"551_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1197\/jamia.M2547","volume":"15","author":"DC Kaelber","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kaelber DC, Jha AK, Johnston D, Middleton B, Bates DW: A Research Agenda for Personal Health Records (PHRs). Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association. 2008, 15: 729-736. 10.1197\/jamia.M2547.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association"},{"issue":"3","key":"551_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e22","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.1030","volume":"10","author":"G Eysenbach","year":"2008","unstructured":"Eysenbach G: Medicine 2.0: Social Networking, Collaboration, Participation, Apomediation, and Openness. Journal of Medical Internet Research. 2008, 10 (3): e22-10.2196\/jmir.1030.","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Internet Research"},{"key":"551_CR84","first-page":"8","volume-title":"Use of Health Information Technology among Racial and Ethnic Underserved Communities","author":"MC Gibbons","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gibbons MC: Use of Health Information Technology among Racial and Ethnic Underserved Communities. 2011, Perspectives in Health Information Management \/ AHIMA, American Health Information Management Association, 8-"},{"key":"551_CR85","first-page":"29","volume-title":"Proc AMIA Symp","author":"VL Patel","year":"1998","unstructured":"Patel VL, Kushniruk AW: Interface design for health care environments: the role of cognitive science. Proc AMIA Symp. 1998, 29-37."},{"key":"551_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.4338\/ACI-2011-06-RA-0039","volume":"2","author":"J Warren","year":"2011","unstructured":"Warren J, White S, Day KJ, Gu Y, Pollock M: Introduction of Electronic Referral from Community Associated with More Timely Review by Secondary Services. Applied Clinical Informatics. 2011, 2: 546-564. 10.4338\/ACI-2011-06-RA-0039.","journal-title":"Applied Clinical Informatics"},{"key":"551_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6947-12-65","volume":"12","author":"TE Palen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Palen TE, Price D, Shetterly S, Wallace KB: Comparing virtual consults to traditional consults using an electronic health record: an observational case\u00bfcontrol study. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making. 2012, 12: 65-10.1186\/1472-6947-12-65.","journal-title":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making"},{"key":"551_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1258\/135763302320272167","volume":"8","author":"W Hersh","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hersh W, Helfand M, Wallace J, Kraemer D, Patterson P, Shapiro S, Greenlick M: A systematic review of the efficacy of telemedicine for making diagnostic and management decisions. J Telemed Telecare. 2002, 8: 197-209. 10.1258\/135763302320272167.","journal-title":"J Telemed Telecare"},{"key":"551_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.159.4.389","volume":"159","author":"CW Callahan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Callahan CW, Malone F, Estroff D, Person DA: Effectiveness of an Internet-based store-and-forward telemedicine system for pediatric subspecialty consultation. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2005, 159: 389-393. 10.1001\/archpedi.159.4.389.","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"551_CR90","unstructured":"The control handbook. 1996, New York\\: CRC Press"},{"key":"551_CR91","first-page":"17","volume-title":"Yearb Med Inform","author":"RM Gardner","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gardner RM: Clinical decision support systems: the fascination with closed-loop control. Yearb Med Inform. 2009, 17-21."},{"key":"551_CR92","first-page":"37","volume-title":"Yearb Med Inform","author":"A Gaudinat","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gaudinat A: Closing the loops in biomedical informatics from theory to daily practice. Yearb Med Inform. 2009, 37-39."},{"issue":"209","key":"551_CR93","first-page":"e1","volume":"125","author":"DR Murphy","year":"2012","unstructured":"Murphy DR, Reis B, Sittig DF, Singh H: Notifications received by primary care practitioners in electronic health records: a taxonomy and time analysis. Am J Med. 2012, 125 (209): e1-7.","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"551_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.14.4.23","volume":"14","author":"E Brynjolfsson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Brynjolfsson E, Hitt LM: Beyond computation: Information technology, organizational transformation and business performance. J Econ Perspect. 2000, 14: 23-48. 10.1257\/jep.14.4.23.","journal-title":"J Econ Perspect"},{"key":"551_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1136\/jamia.1997.0040112","volume":"4","author":"FC Southon","year":"1997","unstructured":"Southon FC, Sauer C, Grant CN: Information technology in complex health services: organizational impediments to successful technology transfer and diffusion. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 1997, 4: 112-124. 10.1136\/jamia.1997.0040112.","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"key":"551_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2005.04.007","volume":"74","author":"PJ Toussaint","year":"2005","unstructured":"Toussaint PJ, Coiera E: Supporting communication in health care. Int J Med Inform. 2005, 74: 779-10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2005.04.007.","journal-title":"Int J Med Inform"},{"key":"551_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1197\/jamia.M1471","volume":"11","author":"JS Ash","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ash JS, Berg M, Coiera E: Some Unintended Consequences of Information Technology in Health Care: The Nature of Patient Care Information System-related Errors. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2004, 11: 104-112.","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"key":"551_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1136\/jamia.2009.002444","volume":"17","author":"F Magrabi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Magrabi F, Ong M-S, Runciman W, Coiera E: An analysis of computer-related patient safety incidents to inform the development of a classification. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2010, 17: 663-670. 10.1136\/jamia.2009.002444.","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"key":"551_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1136\/amiajnl-2011-000369","volume":"19","author":"F Magrabi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Magrabi F, Ong M-S, Runciman W, Coiera E: Using FDA reports to inform a classification for health information technology safety problems. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2012, 19: 45-53. 10.1136\/amiajnl-2011-000369.","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"key":"551_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2011.327","volume":"171","author":"DF Sittig","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sittig DF, Singh H: Defining health information technology-related errors: new developments since to err is human. Arch Intern Med. 2011, 171: 1281-1284. 10.1001\/archinternmed.2011.327.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"551_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-3132","volume":"118","author":"DF Sittig","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sittig DF, Ash JS, Zhang J, Osheroff JA, Shabot MM: Lessons from \u201cUnexpected increased mortality after implementation of a commercially sold computerized physician order entry system.\u201d. Pediatrics. 2006, 118: 797-801. 10.1542\/peds.2005-3132.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"}],"container-title":["BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1472-6947-12-107.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1472-6947-12-107\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1472-6947-12-107","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1472-6947-12-107.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T20:12:48Z","timestamp":1630527168000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1472-6947-12-107"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,13]]},"references-count":101,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]}},"alternative-id":["551"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1472-6947-12-107","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6947"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6947","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 March 2012","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 August 2012","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 September 2012","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"107"}}