{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T06:46:17Z","timestamp":1760597177804},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,8]],"date-time":"2004-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1099872000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,8]],"date-time":"2004-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1099872000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med Inform Decis Mak"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>The \"applied\" nature distinguishes applied sciences from theoretical sciences. To emphasize this distinction, we begin with a general, meta-level overview of the scientific endeavor. We introduce the <jats:italic>knowledge spectrum<\/jats:italic> and four interconnected modalities of knowledge. In addition to the traditional differentiation between implicit and explicit knowledge we outline the concepts of general and <jats:italic>individual knowledge<\/jats:italic>. We connect general knowledge with the \"frame problem,\" a fundamental issue of artificial intelligence, and individual knowledge with another important paradigm of artificial intelligence, <jats:italic>case-based reasoning<\/jats:italic>, a method of individual knowledge processing that aims at solving new problems based on the solutions to similar past problems.<\/jats:p>\n                        <jats:p>We outline the fundamental differences between Medical Informatics and theoretical sciences and propose that Medical Informatics research should advance individual knowledge processing (case-based reasoning) and that natural language processing research is an important step towards this goal that may have ethical implications for patient-centered health medicine.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>We focus on fundamental aspects of decision-making, which connect human expertise with individual knowledge processing. We continue with a knowledge spectrum perspective on biomedical knowledge and conclude that case-based reasoning is the paradigm that can advance towards personalized healthcare and that can enable the education of patients and providers.<\/jats:p>\n                        <jats:p>We center the discussion on formal methods of knowledge representation around the frame problem. We propose a context-dependent view on the notion of \"meaning\" and advocate the need for case-based reasoning research and natural language processing. In the context of memory based knowledge processing, pattern recognition, comparison and analogy-making, we conclude that while humans seem to naturally support the case-based reasoning paradigm (memory of past experiences of problem-solving and powerful case matching mechanisms), technical solutions are challenging.<\/jats:p>\n                        <jats:p>Finally, we discuss the major challenges for a technical solution: case record comprehensiveness, organization of information on similarity principles, development of pattern recognition and solving ethical issues.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>Medical Informatics is an applied science that should be committed to advancing patient-centered medicine through individual knowledge processing. Case-based reasoning is the technical solution that enables a continuous individual knowledge processing and could be applied providing that challenges and ethical issues arising are addressed appropriately.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6947-4-19","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,11]],"date-time":"2004-11-11T07:29:58Z","timestamp":1100158198000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Case-based medical informatics"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Stefan V","family":"Pantazi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 F","family":"Arocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jochen R","family":"Moehr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"47_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1635408","volume":"21","author":"JR Moehr","year":"1982","unstructured":"Moehr JR, Leven FJ, Rothemund M: Formal Education in Medical Informatics. - Review of Ten Years' Experience with a Specialized University Curriculum. Meth Inform Med. 1982, 21: 169-180.","journal-title":"Meth Inform Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"47_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0019-9958(64)90223-2","volume":"7","author":"RJ Solomonoff","year":"1964","unstructured":"Solomonoff RJ: A FORMAL THEORY OF INDUCTIVE INFERENCE. Information and Control. 1964, 7 (1): 1-22. 10.1016\/S0019-9958(64)90223-2.","journal-title":"Information and Control"},{"key":"47_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1145\/1247047.1247052","volume":"4","author":"GJ Chaitin","year":"1970","unstructured":"Chaitin GJ: To a mathematical definition of \"life\". ACM SICACT News. 1970, 4: 12-18.","journal-title":"ACM SICACT News"},{"key":"47_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"xx, 637","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-2606-0","volume-title":"An introduction to Kolmogorov complexity and its applications","author":"M Li","year":"1997","unstructured":"Li M, Vit\u00e1nyi PMB: An introduction to Kolmogorov complexity and its applications. 1997, New York , Springer, xx, 637-2nd","edition":"2nd"},{"key":"47_CR5","first-page":"336","volume":"8","author":"K Zuse","year":"1967","unstructured":"Zuse K: Rechnender Raum. Elektronische Datenverarbeitung. 1967, 8: 336-344.","journal-title":"Elektronische Datenverarbeitung"},{"key":"47_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-663-02723-2","volume-title":"Rechnender Raum","author":"K Zuse","year":"1969","unstructured":"Zuse K: Rechnender Raum. 1969, In: English translation: \"Calculating Space\". Cambridge, Mass.: Massachusetts Institute of Technology;"},{"key":"47_CR7","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/BFb0052088","volume-title":"Foundations of Computer Science: Potential - Theory - Cognition","author":"J Schmidhuber","year":"1997","unstructured":"Schmidhuber J: Foundations of Computer Science: Potential - Theory - Cognition. Edited by: Freksa C, Jantzen M, Valk R. 1997, Berlin , Springer, 1337: 201-208. A Computer Scientist's View of Life, the Universe, and Everything Lecture Notes in Computer Science"},{"key":"47_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feigenbaum EA: Some challenges and grand challenges for computational intelligence. Journal of the ACM (JACM). 2003, ACM Press, 50 (1): 32-40. 10.1145\/602382.602400.","DOI":"10.1145\/602382.602400"},{"key":"47_CR9","first-page":"xiv, 298","volume-title":"Information and medicine : the nature of medical descriptions","author":"MS Blois","year":"1984","unstructured":"Blois MS: Information and medicine : the nature of medical descriptions. 1984, Berkeley , University of California Press, xiv, 298-"},{"issue":"11","key":"47_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1145\/219717.219745","volume":"38","author":"D Lenat","year":"1995","unstructured":"Lenat D: CYC: A Large-scale Investment in Knowledge Infrastructure. Communications of the ACM. 1995, 38 (11): 33-38. 10.1145\/219717.219745.","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"key":"47_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lenat D, Miller G, Yokoi T: CYC, WordNet, and EDR: critiques and responses. Communications of the ACM. 1995, ACM Press, 38 (11): 45-48. 10.1145\/219717.219757.","DOI":"10.1145\/219717.219757"},{"issue":"3","key":"47_CR12","first-page":"32","volume":"11","author":"R Guha","year":"1990","unstructured":"Guha R, Lenat D: Cyc: A Midterm Report. AI Magazine. 1990, 11 (3): 32-59.","journal-title":"AI Magazine"},{"key":"47_CR13","first-page":"xix, 372","volume-title":"Building large knowledge-based systems : representation and inference in the Cyc project","author":"DB Lenat","year":"1989","unstructured":"Lenat DB, Guha RV: Building large knowledge-based systems : representation and inference in the Cyc project. 1989, Reading, Mass. , Addison-Wesley Pub. Co., xix, 372-"},{"key":"47_CR14","volume-title":"Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving","author":"GF Luger","year":"2002","unstructured":"Luger GF: Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving. 2002, Addison-Wesley, 4th","edition":"4th"},{"key":"47_CR15","first-page":"xv, 527","volume-title":"Addison-Wesley series in computer science","author":"PH Winston","year":"1984","unstructured":"Winston PH: Artificial intelligence. Addison-Wesley series in computer science. 1984, Reading, Mass. , Addison-Wesley, xv, 527-2nd","edition":"2nd"},{"key":"47_CR16","first-page":"128","volume-title":"Minds, Machines, and Evolution","author":"D Dennett","year":"1984","unstructured":"Dennett D: Cognitive Wheels: The Frame Problem in AI. Minds, Machines, and Evolution. Edited by: Hookway C. 1984, Cambridge University Press, 128-151."},{"key":"47_CR17","first-page":"xi, 156","volume-title":"Theoretical issues in cognitive science","author":"ZW Pylyshyn","year":"1987","unstructured":"Pylyshyn ZW: The Robot's dilemma : the frame problem in artificial intelligence. Theoretical issues in cognitive science. 1987, Norwood, N.J. , Ablex, xi, 156-"},{"key":"47_CR18","series-title":"Theoretical issues in cognitive science.","first-page":"xi, 156","volume-title":"The Robot's dilemma : the frame problem in artificial intelligence","author":"LE Janlert","year":"1987","unstructured":"Janlert LE: The Robot's dilemma : the frame problem in artificial intelligence. Edited by: Pylyshyn ZW. 1987, Norwood, N.J. , Ablex, xi, 156-Modeling Change - The Frame Problem Theoretical issues in cognitive science."},{"key":"47_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-55860-237-3.50005-4","volume-title":"Case-Based Reasoning","author":"J Kolodner","year":"1993","unstructured":"Kolodner J: Case-Based Reasoning. 1993, San Mateo, CA , Morgan Kaufmann Publishers"},{"issue":"4","key":"47_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1017\/S0269888900007098","volume":"9","author":"I Watson","year":"1994","unstructured":"Watson I, Marir F: Case-Based Reasoning: A Review. The Knowledge Engineering Review. 1994, 9 (4): 355-381.","journal-title":"The Knowledge Engineering Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"47_CR21","first-page":"39","volume":"7","author":"A Aamodt","year":"1994","unstructured":"Aamodt A, Plaza E: Case-Based Reasoning: Foundational Issues, Methodological Variations, and System Approaches. AICom - Artificial Intelligence Communications. 1994, 7 (1): 39-59.","journal-title":"AICom - Artificial Intelligence Communications"},{"key":"47_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/5236.001.0001","volume-title":"Parallel Distributed Processing","author":"DE Rumelhart","year":"1986","unstructured":"Rumelhart DE, Hinton GE, Williams RJ: Parallel Distributed Processing. Edited by: Rumelhart DE, McClelland JL. 1986, MIT Press, 1-2: 318-362."},{"key":"47_CR23","first-page":"xix, 696","volume-title":"Neural networks : a comprehensive foundation","author":"SS Haykin","year":"1994","unstructured":"Haykin SS: Neural networks : a comprehensive foundation. 1994, New York; Toronto , Macmillan, xix, 696-"},{"issue":"6","key":"47_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1093\/comjnl\/46.6.598","volume":"46","author":"RJ Solomonoff","year":"2003","unstructured":"Solomonoff RJ: The Kolmogorov Lecture - The Universal Distribution and Machine Learning. The Computer Journal. 2003, 46 (6): 598-601.","journal-title":"The Computer Journal"},{"key":"47_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110845945","volume-title":"Diagnose: Uberlegungen zur Medizintheorie","author":"W Wieland","year":"1975","unstructured":"Wieland W: Diagnose: Uberlegungen zur Medizintheorie. 1975, Berlin, New York , de Gruyter"},{"key":"47_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-21721-5","volume-title":"Medical Informatics : Computer Applications in Health Care and Biomedicine","author":"EH Shortliffe","year":"2001","unstructured":"Shortliffe EH, Blois MS: The Computer Meets Medicine and Biology: Emergence of a Discipline. Medical Informatics : Computer Applications in Health Care and Biomedicine. Edited by: Shortliffe EH, Perreault LE, Wiederhold G, Buchanan BG. 2001, Springer Verlag"},{"key":"47_CR27","volume-title":"Medical Informatics : Computer Applications in Health Care and Biomedicine","author":"CP Friedman","year":"2001","unstructured":"Friedman CP, Owens DK, Wyatt JC: Evaluation and Technology Assessment. Medical Informatics : Computer Applications in Health Care and Biomedicine. Edited by: Shortliffe EH, Perreault LE, Wiederhold G, Buchanan BG. 2001, Springer Verlag"},{"issue":"1","key":"47_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1634307","volume":"41","author":"MA Musen","year":"2002","unstructured":"Musen MA: Medical informatics: searching for underlying components. Methods Inf Med. 2002, 41 (1): 12-19.","journal-title":"Methods Inf Med"},{"key":"47_CR29","first-page":"187","volume-title":"The Psychology of Learning and Motivation: Advances in Research and Theory","author":"VL Patel","year":"1994","unstructured":"Patel VL, Arocha JF, Kaufman DR: The Psychology of Learning and Motivation: Advances in Research and Theory. 1994, 31: 187-252."},{"issue":"1","key":"47_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.127.1.162","volume":"127","author":"NR Kuncel","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kuncel NR, Hezlett SA, Ones DS: A Comprehensive Meta-Analysis of the Predictive Validity of the Graduate Record Examination\u2019s Implications for Graduate Student Selection and Performance. Psychological Bulletin. 2001, 127 (1): 162-181.","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"47_CR31","first-page":"138","volume-title":"Decision making in action : models and methods","author":"GA Klein","year":"1993","unstructured":"Klein GA: A Recognition-Primed Decision (RPD) Model of Rapid Decision Making. Decision making in action : models and methods. 1993, Norwood, N.J. , Ablex Pub., 138-148."},{"key":"47_CR32","first-page":"xi, 480","volume-title":"Decision making in action : models and methods","author":"GA Klein","year":"1993","unstructured":"Klein GA: Decision making in action : models and methods. 1993, Norwood, N.J. , Ablex Pub., xi, 480-"},{"key":"47_CR33","first-page":"xviii, 330","volume-title":"Sources of power : how people make decisions","author":"GA Klein","year":"1999","unstructured":"Klein GA: Sources of power : how people make decisions. 1999, Cambridge, Mass. ; London , MIT Press, xviii, 330-1st MIT Press pbk.","edition":"1st MIT Press p"},{"key":"47_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"xxii, 335","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-6846-6","volume-title":"Time pressure and stress in human judgment and decision making","author":"O Svenson","year":"1993","unstructured":"Svenson O, Maule AJ: Time pressure and stress in human judgment and decision making. 1993, New York , Plenum Press, xxii, 335-"},{"key":"47_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-6846-6_4","volume-title":"Time pressure and stress in human judgment and decision making","author":"D Zakay","year":"1993","unstructured":"Zakay D: The impact of time perception processes on decision making under time stress. Time pressure and stress in human judgment and decision making. 1993, New York , Plenum Press, 59-69."},{"key":"47_CR36","first-page":"xix, 414","volume-title":"Expertise, research and applications","author":"CE Zsambok","year":"1997","unstructured":"Zsambok CE, Klein GA: Naturalistic decision making. Expertise, research and applications. 1997, Mahwah, N.J. , L. Erlbaum Associates, xix, 414-"},{"key":"47_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"xiv, 447","DOI":"10.4324\/9781410604200","volume-title":"Linking expertise and naturalistic decision making","author":"E Salas","year":"2001","unstructured":"Salas E, Klein GA: Linking expertise and naturalistic decision making. 2001, Mahwah, NJ , Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers, xiv, 447-"},{"key":"47_CR38","unstructured":"Armstrong E: TreeLight Essays. [http:\/\/www.treelight.com\/]"},{"issue":"5","key":"47_CR39","first-page":"111","volume":"10","author":"W Fierz","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fierz W: Challenge of personalized health care:To what extent is medicine already individualized and what are the future trends?. Med Sci Monit. 2004, 10 (5): 111-123.","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"issue":"6","key":"47_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1093\/comjnl\/46.6.593","volume":"46","author":"C Kovac","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kovac C: Computing in the Age of the Genome. The Computer Journal. 2003, 46 (6): 593-597.","journal-title":"The Computer Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"47_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/S1532-0464(02)00009-6","volume":"35","author":"VL Patel","year":"2002","unstructured":"Patel VL, Kaufman DR, Arocha JF: Emerging paradigms of cognition in medical decision-making. Journal of Biomedical Informatics. 2002, 35 (1): 52-75. 10.1016\/S1532-0464(02)00009-6.","journal-title":"Journal of Biomedical Informatics"},{"issue":"9","key":"47_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(02)01958-7","volume":"6","author":"AJ Sanford","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sanford AJ, Sturt P: Depth of processing in language comprehension: not noticing the evidence. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 2002, 6 (9): 382-386. 10.1016\/S1364-6613(02)01958-7.","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"47_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9924(03)00019-4","volume":"36","author":"A Baddeley","year":"2003","unstructured":"Baddeley A: Working memory and language: an overview. Journal of Communication Disorders. 2003, 36 (3): 189-208. 10.1016\/S0021-9924(03)00019-4.","journal-title":"Journal of Communication Disorders"},{"key":"47_CR44","first-page":"xix, 189","volume-title":"John M MacEachran memorial lecture series ; 1991","author":"PN Johnson-Laird","year":"1993","unstructured":"Johnson-Laird PN: Human and machine thinking. John M MacEachran memorial lecture series ; 1991. 1993, Hillsdale, N.J. , Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, xix, 189-"},{"key":"47_CR45","first-page":"195","volume-title":"Do not Forget: Full Memory in Memory-Based Learning of Word Pronunciation: Sydney, Australia.","author":"A Bosch","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bosch A, Daelemans W: Do not Forget: Full Memory in Memory-Based Learning of Word Pronunciation: Sydney, Australia.Edited by: Powers DMW. 1998, Association of Computational Linguistics, 195-204."},{"key":"47_CR46","first-page":"xv, 256","volume-title":"Experience, memory, and reasoning","author":"CK Riesbeck","year":"1986","unstructured":"Riesbeck CK, Kolodner JL: Experience, memory, and reasoning. 1986, Hillsdale, N.J. , L. Erlbaum Associates, xv, 256-"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"47_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1006\/brln.1999.2066","volume":"68","author":"M Alegre","year":"1999","unstructured":"Alegre M, Gordon P: Rule-Based versus Associative Processes in Derivational Morphology. Brain and Language. 1999, 68 (1-2): 347-354. 10.1006\/brln.1999.2066.","journal-title":"Brain and Language"},{"issue":"4","key":"47_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1006\/jmps.2000.1339","volume":"45","author":"B Murdock","year":"2001","unstructured":"Murdock B, Smith D, Bai J: Judgments of Frequency and Recency in a Distributed Memory Model. Journal of Mathematical Psychology. 2001, 45 (4): 564-602. 10.1006\/jmps.2000.1339.","journal-title":"Journal of Mathematical Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"47_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1006\/brln.1999.2251","volume":"71","author":"EM Saffran","year":"2000","unstructured":"Saffran EM: The Organization of Semantic Memory: In Support of a Distributed Model. Brain and Language. 2000, 71 (1): 204-212. 10.1006\/brln.1999.2251.","journal-title":"Brain and Language"},{"key":"47_CR50","volume-title":"Human behavior and the principle of least effort","author":"GK Zipf","year":"1949","unstructured":"Zipf GK: Human behavior and the principle of least effort. 1949, Cambridge, MA , Addison-Wesley"},{"key":"47_CR51","first-page":"xxxvii, 680","volume-title":"Foundations of Statistical Natural Language Processing","author":"CD Manning","year":"1999","unstructured":"Manning CD, Sch\u00fctze H: Foundations of Statistical Natural Language Processing. 1999, Cambridge, Mass. , MIT Press, xxxvii, 680-"},{"key":"47_CR52","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Abstraction is Harmful in Language Learning: Sydney, Australia.","author":"W Daelemans","year":"1998","unstructured":"Daelemans W: Abstraction is Harmful in Language Learning: Sydney, Australia.Edited by: Powers DMW. 1998, Association of Computational Linguistics, 1-1."},{"issue":"5","key":"47_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(02)01882-X","volume":"6","author":"RM French","year":"2002","unstructured":"French RM: The Computational Modeling of Analogy -Making. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 2002, 6 (5): 200-205. 10.1016\/S1364-6613(02)01882-X.","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"47_CR54","volume-title":"Product Design: Fundamentals and Methods","author":"NFM Roonzenburg","year":"1995","unstructured":"Roonzenburg NFM, J. E: Product Design: Fundamentals and Methods. 1995, John Wiley & Sons Ltd"},{"key":"47_CR55","volume-title":"Advanced Design and Technology","author":"E Norman","year":"1990","unstructured":"Norman E, Riley J, Urry S, Whittaker M: Advanced Design and Technology. 1990, Longman Group UK Limited"},{"key":"47_CR56","volume-title":"Case-Based Reasoning in Design","author":"ML Maher","year":"1995","unstructured":"Maher ML, Balachandran MB, Zhang DM: Case-Based Reasoning in Design. 1995, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates"},{"key":"47_CR57","first-page":"151","volume-title":"Ellis Horwood series in cognitive science","author":"MT Keane","year":"1988","unstructured":"Keane MT: Analogical problem solving. Ellis Horwood series in cognitive science. 1988, Chichester, West Sussex, England New York , E. Horwood; Halsted Press, 151-"},{"key":"47_CR58","first-page":"xiii, 320","volume-title":"Mental leaps : analogy in creative thought","author":"KJ Holyoak","year":"1995","unstructured":"Holyoak KJ, Thagard P: Mental leaps : analogy in creative thought. 1995, Cambridge, Mass. , MIT Press, xiii, 320-"},{"key":"47_CR59","volume-title":"Four Problems with Extracting Human Semantics from Large Text Corpora: NJ.","author":"RM French","year":"2002","unstructured":"French RM, Labiouse C: Four Problems with Extracting Human Semantics from Large Text Corpora: NJ.2002, ,"},{"key":"47_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1634558","volume":"37","author":"JJ Cimino","year":"1998","unstructured":"Cimino JJ: Desiderata for controlled medical vocabularies for twenty-first century. Methods Inf Med. 1998, 37: 394-403.","journal-title":"Methods Inf Med"},{"key":"47_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194\u2013201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00196-3","volume":"11","author":"A Martin","year":"2001","unstructured":"Martin A, Chao LL: Semantic memory and the brain: structure and processes. Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 2001, 11: 194\u2013201-10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00196-3.","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Neurobiology"},{"key":"47_CR62","unstructured":"OpenGALEN. [http:\/\/www.opengalen.org]"},{"key":"47_CR63","first-page":"640","volume-title":"SNOMED RT: A Reference Terminology for Health Care.: Philadelphia.","author":"KA Spackman","year":"1997","unstructured":"Spackman KA, Campbell KE, Cote RA: SNOMED RT: A Reference Terminology for Health Care.: Philadelphia.Edited by: Masys DR. 1997, Hanley & Belfus, 640-644."},{"issue":"2","key":"47_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog2502_1","volume":"25","author":"W Kintsch","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kintsch W: Predication. Cognitive Science. 2001, 25 (2): 173-202. 10.1016\/S0364-0213(01)00034-9.","journal-title":"Cognitive Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"47_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S1532-0464(02)00004-7","volume":"35","author":"W Kintsch","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kintsch W: The potential of latent semantic analysis for machine grading of clinical case summaries. Journal of Biomedical Informatics. 2002, 35 (1): 3-7. 10.1016\/S1532-0464(02)00004-7.","journal-title":"Journal of Biomedical Informatics"},{"key":"47_CR66","first-page":"211","volume-title":"Topic-based document segmentation with probabilistic latent semantic analysis: McLean, Virginia, USA.","author":"T Brants","year":"2002","unstructured":"Brants T, Chen F, Tsochantaridis I: Topic-based document segmentation with probabilistic latent semantic analysis: McLean, Virginia, USA.2002, ACM Press, 211-218."},{"key":"47_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007617005950","volume":"42","author":"T Hofmann","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hofmann T: Unsupervised learning by probabilistic latent semantic analysis. MACHINE LEARNING. 2001, 42: 177-196. 10.1023\/A:1007617005950.","journal-title":"MACHINE LEARNING"},{"issue":"2","key":"47_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.104.2.211","volume":"104","author":"T Landauer","year":"1997","unstructured":"Landauer T, Dumais S: A Solution to Plato's Problem: The Latent Semantic Analysis Theory of Acquisition, Induction and Representation of Knowledge. Psychological Review. 1997, 104 (2): 211-240. 10.1037\/\/0033-295X.104.2.211.","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"47_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1006\/jcss.2000.1711","volume":"61","author":"CH Papadimitriou","year":"2000","unstructured":"Papadimitriou CH, Raghavan P, Tamaki H, Vempala S: Latent semantic indexing: A probabilistic analysis. JOURNAL OF COMPUTER AND SYSTEM SCIENCES. 2000, 61 (2): 217-235. 10.1006\/jcss.2000.1711.","journal-title":"JOURNAL OF COMPUTER AND SYSTEM SCIENCES"},{"key":"47_CR70","first-page":"67","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning and of the Second Learning Language in Logic Workshop, Lisbon, 2000","author":"P Schone","year":"2000","unstructured":"Schone P, Jurafsky D: Knowledge-Free Induction of Morphology Using Latent Semantic Analysis. Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning and of the Second Learning Language in Logic Workshop, Lisbon, 2000. Edited by: Cardie C, Daelemans W, Nedellec C, Sang ETK. 2000, Association for Computational Linguistics, 67-72."},{"key":"47_CR71","first-page":"247","volume-title":"Mind and Language","author":"RF Hadley","year":"1994","unstructured":"Hadley RF: Systematiciy in connectionist language learning. Mind and Language. 1994, 247-272."},{"key":"47_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1080\/09540090110052996","volume":"13","author":"RF Hadley","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hadley RF, Rotaru-Varga A, Arnold DV, Cardei VC: Syntactic systematicity arising from semantic predictions in a Hebbian-competitive network. Connection Science. 2001, 13: 73-94. 10.1080\/09540090110052996.","journal-title":"Connection Science"},{"issue":"11","key":"47_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1145\/219717.219748","volume":"38","author":"G Miller","year":"1995","unstructured":"Miller G: WordNet: A Lexical Database for English. Communications of the ACM. 1995, 38 (11): 49-51. 10.1145\/219717.219748.","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"issue":"4","key":"47_CR74","first-page":"239","volume":"38","author":"AL Rector","year":"1999","unstructured":"Rector AL: Clinical terminology: why is it so hard?. Method Inf Med. 1999, 38 (4): 239-252.","journal-title":"Method Inf Med"},{"key":"47_CR75","first-page":"501","volume-title":"Springer series in information sciences","author":"T Kohonen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kohonen T: Self-Organizing Maps. Springer series in information sciences. Edited by: Huang TS. 2001, Berlin Heidelberg New York , Springer-Verlag, 30: 501-3rd","edition":"3rd"},{"issue":"4","key":"47_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.284.4.483","volume":"284","author":"B Starfield","year":"2000","unstructured":"Starfield B: Is US Health Really the Best in the World?. JAMA. 2000, 284 (4): 483-485. 10.1001\/jama.284.4.483.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"11","key":"47_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.1040498","volume":"170","author":"GR Baker","year":"2004","unstructured":"Baker GR, Norton PG, Flintoft V, Blais R, Brown A, Cox J, Etchells E, Ghali WA, Hebert P, Majumdar SR, O'Beirne M, Palacios-Derflingher L, Reid RJ, Sheps S, Tamblyn R: The Canadian Adverse Events Study: the incidence of adverse events among hospital patients in Canada. CMAJ. 2004, 170 (11): 1678-1686.","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"issue":"3","key":"47_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199601183340318","volume":"334","author":"W Greene","year":"1996","unstructured":"Greene W, Hsu C, Gill JR, Saint S, Go AS, Tierney LM: Case Records of the Massachusetts General Hospital: A Home-Court Advantage?. N Engl J Med. 1996, 334 (3): 197-198. 10.1056\/NEJM199601183340318.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"47_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2004.04.004","volume":"37","author":"J Zhang","year":"2004","unstructured":"Zhang J, Patel VL, Johnson TR, Shortliffe EH: A cognitive taxonomy of medical errors. Journal of Biomedical Informatics. 2004, 37 (3): 193-204. 10.1016\/j.jbi.2004.04.004.","journal-title":"Journal of Biomedical Informatics"},{"key":"47_CR80","first-page":"248","volume-title":"Scripts, Plans, Goals, and Understanding: An Inquiry into Human Knowledge Structures","author":"RC Schank","year":"1977","unstructured":"Schank RC, Abelson RP: Scripts, Plans, Goals, and Understanding: An Inquiry into Human Knowledge Structures. 1977, Hillsdale, N.J. , Erlbaum, 248-"},{"issue":"1-3","key":"47_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-5056(02)00070-9","volume":"68","author":"JJ Cimino","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cimino JJ, Patel VL, Kushniruk AW: The patient clinical information system (PatCIS): technical solutions for and experience with giving patients access to their electronic medical records. International Journal of Medical Informatics. 2002, 68 (1-3): 113-127. 10.1016\/S1386-5056(02)00070-9.","journal-title":"International Journal of Medical Informatics"},{"issue":"3","key":"47_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-5056(02)00048-5","volume":"65","author":"DH Gustafson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Gustafson DH, Hawkins RP, Boberg EW, McTavish F, Owens B, Wise M, Berhe H, Pingree S: CHESS: 10 years of research and development in consumer health informatics for broad populations, including the underserved. International Journal of Medical Informatics. 2002, 65 (3): 169-177. 10.1016\/S1386-5056(02)00048-5.","journal-title":"International Journal of Medical Informatics"},{"key":"47_CR83","unstructured":"New York Online Access to Health. [http:\/\/www.noah-health.org\/]"},{"issue":"1","key":"47_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1136\/jamia.1994.95236141","volume":"1","author":"RA Miller","year":"1994","unstructured":"Miller RA: Medical diagnostic decision support systems--past, present, and future: a threaded bibliography and brief commentary. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 1994, 1 (1): 8-27.","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"key":"47_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1636784","volume":"28","author":"RC Parker","year":"1989","unstructured":"Parker RC, Miller RA: Creation of a Knowledge Base Adequate for Simulating Patient Cases: Adding Deep Knowledge to the INTERNIST-1\/QMR Knowledge Base. Meth Inform Med. 1989, 28: 346-351.","journal-title":"Meth Inform Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"47_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(96)00359-4","volume":"9","author":"EB Reategui","year":"1997","unstructured":"Reategui EB, Campbell JA, Leao BF: Combining a neural network with case-based reasoning in a diagnostic system. Artificial Intelligence in Medicine. 1997, 9 (1): 5-27. 10.1016\/S0933-3657(96)00359-4.","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence in Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"47_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(96)00361-2","volume":"9","author":"M Haddad","year":"1997","unstructured":"Haddad M, Adlassnig KP, Porenta G: Feasibility analysis of a case-based reasoning system for automated detection of coronary heart disease from myocardial scintigrams. Artificial Intelligence in Medicine. 1997, 9 (1): 61-78. 10.1016\/S0933-3657(96)00361-2.","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence in Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"47_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(96)00360-0","volume":"9","author":"B Lopez","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lopez B, Plaza E: Case-based learning of plans and goal states in medical diagnosis. Artificial Intelligence in Medicine. 1997, 9 (1): 29-60. 10.1016\/S0933-3657(96)00360-0.","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence in Medicine"},{"key":"47_CR89","first-page":"64","volume-title":"A CBR System for Diabetic Patient Theraphy","author":"S Montani","year":"1998","unstructured":"Montani S, Bellazzi R, Portinale L, Fiocchi S, Stefanelli M: A CBR System for Diabetic Patient Theraphy. Edited by: Brighton J. 1998, Wiley & Sons Publ., 64-70."},{"key":"47_CR90","first-page":"887","volume-title":"Integrating Case Based and Rule Based Reasoning in a Decision Support System: Evaluation with Simulated Patients","author":"S Montani","year":"1999","unstructured":"Montani S, Bellazzi R: Integrating Case Based and Rule Based Reasoning in a Decision Support System: Evaluation with Simulated Patients. 1999, 887-891."},{"key":"47_CR91","first-page":"46","volume":"5","author":"E Armengol","year":"2000","unstructured":"Armengol E, Palaud\u00e0ries A, Plaza E: Individual Prognosis of Diabetes Long-Term Risks: A CBR Approach. Methods of Information in Medicine Journal. 2000, 5: 46-51.","journal-title":"Methods of Information in Medicine Journal"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"47_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026076312419","volume":"20","author":"E Armengol","year":"2003","unstructured":"Armengol E, Plaza E: Relational Case-based Reasoning for Carcinogenic Activity Prediction. Artificial Intelligence Review. 2003, 20 (1-2): 121-10.1023\/A:1026076312419.","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence Review"},{"issue":"5","key":"47_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1197\/jamia.M1013","volume":"9","author":"L Fritsche","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fritsche L, Schlaefer A, Budde K, Schroeter K, Neumayer HH: Recognition of Critical Situations from Time Series of Laboratory Results by Case-Based Reasoning. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2002, 9 (5): 520-528. 10.1197\/jamia.M1013.","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"key":"47_CR94","unstructured":"The Fifth International Conference on Case-Based Reasoning. Workshop on CBR in the Health Sciences. [http:\/\/oucsace.cs.ohiou.edu\/~marling\/iccbr03\/workshop.html]"},{"key":"47_CR95","unstructured":"Blake CL, Merz CJ: UCI Repository of machine learning databases. [http:\/\/www.ics.uci.edu\/~mlearn\/MLRepository.html]"},{"key":"47_CR96","first-page":"431","volume-title":"Cluster Analysis of Wisconsin Breast Cancer Dataset Using Self-Organizing Maps: Budapest, Hungary.","author":"S Pantazi","year":"2002","unstructured":"Pantazi S, Kagolovsky Y, Moehr JR: Cluster Analysis of Wisconsin Breast Cancer Dataset Using Self-Organizing Maps: Budapest, Hungary.Edited by: Surjan G. 2002, IOS Press, 431-436."},{"key":"47_CR97","volume-title":"e-Health 2004","author":"SV Pantazi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Pantazi SV, Moehr JR: Automated Knowledge Acquisition by Inductive Generalization. e-Health 2004. 2004, Victoria, BC, Canada"}],"container-title":["BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1472-6947-4-19.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1472-6947-4-19\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1472-6947-4-19","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1472-6947-4-19.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]],"date-time":"2024-10-07T13:18:28Z","timestamp":1728307108000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1472-6947-4-19"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,8]]},"references-count":97,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,12]]}},"alternative-id":["47"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1472-6947-4-19","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6947"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1472-6947"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 October 2003","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 November 2004","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 November 2004","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"19"}}