{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T03:13:05Z","timestamp":1782875585486,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,2]],"date-time":"2012-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1349136000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Health Serv Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The literature on interventions addressing the intersection of homelessness, mental illness and race is scant. The At Home\/Chez Soi research demonstration project is a pragmatic field trial investigating a Housing First intervention for homeless individuals with mental illness in five cities across Canada. A unique focus at the Toronto site has been the development and implementation of a Housing First Ethno-Racial Intensive Case Management (HF ER-ICM) arm of the trial serving 100 homeless individuals with mental illness from ethno-racial groups. The HF ER-ICM program combines the Housing First approach with an anti-racism\/anti-oppression framework of practice. This paper presents the findings of an early implementation and fidelity evaluation of the HF ER-ICM program, supplemented by participant narrative interviews to inform our understanding of the HF ER-ICM program theory.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Descriptive statistics are used to describe HF ER-ICM participant characteristics. Focus group interviews, key informant interviews and fidelity assessments were conducted between November 2010 and January 2011, as part of the program implementation evaluation. In-depth qualitative interviews with HF ER-ICM participants and control group members were conducted between March 2010 and June 2011. All qualitative data were analysed using grounded theory methodology.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The target population had complex health and social service needs. The HF ER-ICM program enjoyed a high degree of fidelity to principles of both anti-racism\/anti-oppression practice and Housing First and comprehensively addressed the housing, health and sociocultural needs of participants. Program providers reported congruence of these philosophies of practice, and program participants valued the program and its components.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Adapting Housing First with anti-racism\/anti-oppression principles offers a promising approach to serving the diverse needs of homeless people from ethno-racial groups and strengthening the service systems developed to support them. The use of fidelity and implementation evaluations can be helpful in supporting successful adaptations of programs and services.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN42520374<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-12-345","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,2]],"date-time":"2012-10-02T14:15:14Z","timestamp":1349187314000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Moving from rhetoric to reality: adapting Housing First for homeless individuals with mental illness from ethno-racial groups"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Vicky","family":"Stergiopoulos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"O\u2019Campo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnes","family":"Gozdzik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeyagobi","family":"Jeyaratnam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Corneau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aseefa","family":"Sarang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen W","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2347_CR1","first-page":"2010","volume-title":"Street Needs Assessment Results","author":"City of Toronto Shelter Support & Housing Administration","year":"2009","unstructured":"City of Toronto Shelter Support & Housing Administration: Street Needs Assessment Results. 2009, City of Toronto, Toronto, 2010."},{"key":"2347_CR2","unstructured":"Most populous municipalities of Canada in 2006. 2006, http:\/\/www12.statcan.gc.ca\/census-recensement\/2006\/as-sa\/97-550\/table\/t4-eng.cfm."},{"key":"2347_CR3","volume-title":"Policy and guidelines on racism and racial discrimination","author":"Ontario Human Rights Commission","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ontario Human Rights Commission: Policy and guidelines on racism and racial discrimination. 2005, Ontario Human Rights Commission, Government of Ontario, Toronto"},{"key":"2347_CR4","volume-title":"How we do it: Across Boundaries' anti-racist, holistic, service delivery model","author":"A Sarang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sarang A, Ocampo M, Durbin J, Strike C, Chandler C, Connelly J: How we do it: Across Boundaries' anti-racist, holistic, service delivery model. 2009, Across Boundaries, An Ethnoracial Mental Health Centre"},{"key":"2347_CR5","volume-title":"Canada's Ethnocultural Mosaic, 2006 Census","author":"S Canada","year":"2008","unstructured":"Canada S: Canada's Ethnocultural Mosaic, 2006 Census. 2008, Statistics Canada, Ottawa"},{"key":"2347_CR6","volume-title":"Toronto's Social Landscape: 10 year trends, 1996\u20132006","author":"Social Planning Toronto","year":"2009","unstructured":"Social Planning Toronto: Toronto's Social Landscape: 10 year trends, 1996\u20132006. 2009, City of Toronto, Toronto"},{"key":"2347_CR7","volume-title":"Taking responsibility for homelessness: an action plan for Toronto. Report of the Mayor\u2019s Homelessness Action Task Force","author":"A Golden","year":"1999","unstructured":"Golden A, Currie W, Greaves E, Latimer E: Taking responsibility for homelessness: an action plan for Toronto. Report of the Mayor\u2019s Homelessness Action Task Force. 1999, City of Toronto, Toronto"},{"issue":"8","key":"2347_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2009.182022","volume":"100","author":"SW Hwang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hwang SW, Ueng JJM, Chiu S, Kiss A, Tolomiczenko G, Cowan L, Levinson W, Redelmeier DA: Universal Health Insurance and Health Care Access for Homeless Persons. Am J Public Health. 2010, 100 (8): 1454-1461. 10.2105\/AJPH.2009.182022.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"2347_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-7-15","volume":"7","author":"K Bhui","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bhui K, Warfa N, Edonya P, McKenzie K, Bhugra D: Cultural competence in mental health care: a review of model evaluations. BMC Health Serv Res. 2007, 7: 15-10.1186\/1472-6963-7-15.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"2347_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1007\/s001270050279","volume":"35","author":"S Klimidis","year":"2000","unstructured":"Klimidis S, McKenzie DP, Lewis J, Minas IH: Continuity of contact with psychiatric services: immigrant and Australian-born patients. Socl Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2000, 35 (12): 554-563. 10.1007\/s001270050279.","journal-title":"Socl Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2347_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.59.4.533","volume":"59","author":"S Sue","year":"1991","unstructured":"Sue S, Fujino DC, Hu LT, Takeuchi DT, Zane NW: Community mental health services for ethnic minority groups: a test of the cultural responsiveness hypothesis. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1991, 59 (4): 533-540.","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2347_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlr.0000170405.66264.23","volume":"43","author":"KM Harris","year":"2005","unstructured":"Harris KM, Edlund MJ, Larson S: Racial and ethnic differences in the mental health problems and use of mental health care. Med Care. 2005, 43 (8): 775-784. 10.1097\/01.mlr.0000170405.66264.23.","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"2347_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.182.2.105","volume":"182","author":"K Bhui","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bhui K, Stansfeld S, Hull S, Priebe S, Mole F, Feder G: Ethnic variations in pathways to and use of specialist mental health services in the UK. Br J Psychiatry. 2003, 182 (2): 105-116. 10.1192\/bjp.182.2.105.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2347_CR14","volume-title":"Improving mental health services for immigrant, refugee, ethno-cultural and racialized groups: Issues and options for service improvement","author":"E Hansson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hansson E, Tuck A, Lurie S, McKenzie K, for the Task Group of Services Systems Advisory Committee, Mental Health Commission of Canada: Improving mental health services for immigrant, refugee, ethno-cultural and racialized groups: Issues and options for service improvement. 2010, Mental Health Commission of Canada, Calgary"},{"issue":"3","key":"2347_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.2975\/32.3.2009.208.214","volume":"32","author":"L Simich","year":"2009","unstructured":"Simich L, Maiter S, Moorlag E, Ochocka J: Taking culture seriously: ethnolinguistic community perspectives on mental health. Psychiatr Rehabil J. 2009, 32 (3): 208-214.","journal-title":"Psychiatr Rehabil J"},{"issue":"3","key":"2347_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1080\/13648470903249296","volume":"16","author":"L Simich","year":"2009","unstructured":"Simich L, Maiter S, Ochocka J: From social liminality to cultural negotiation: Transformative processes in immigrant mental wellbeing. Anthropology & Medicine. 2009, 16 (3): 253-266. 10.1080\/13648470903249296.","journal-title":"Anthropology & Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"2347_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732308316531","volume":"18","author":"A Westhues","year":"2008","unstructured":"Westhues A, Ochocka J, Jacobson N, Simich L, Maiter S, Janzen R, Fleras A: Developing Theory From Complexity: Reflections on a Collaborative Mixed Method Participatory Action Research Study. Qual Health Res. 2008, 18 (5): 701-717. 10.1177\/1049732308316531.","journal-title":"Qual Health Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2347_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.182.1.10","volume":"182","author":"K Bhui","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bhui K, Sashidharan SP: Should there be separate psychiatric services for ethnic minority groups?. Br J Psychiatry. 2003, 182 (1): 10-12. 10.1192\/bjp.182.1.10.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2347_CR19","volume-title":"Paper 08: Specialist Services for Minority Ethnic Groups?","author":"K Bhui","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bhui K, Bhugra D, Mckenzie K: Paper 08: Specialist Services for Minority Ethnic Groups?. 2000, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London"},{"key":"2347_CR20","volume-title":"Improving Pathways into Mental Health Care for Black and Ethnic Minority Groups: A Systematic Review of the Grey Literature","author":"J Moffat","year":"2009","unstructured":"Moffat J, Sass B, McKenzie K, Bhui K: Improving Pathways into Mental Health Care for Black and Ethnic Minority Groups: A Systematic Review of the Grey Literature. 2009, Barts & The London, Queen Mary\u2019s School of Medicine & Dentistry, Univeristy College London, London"},{"issue":"7","key":"2347_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.071279","volume":"179","author":"S Kisely","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kisely S, Terashima M, Langille D: A population-based analysis of the health experience of African Nova Scotians. CMAJ. 2008, 179 (7): 653-658. 10.1503\/cmaj.071279.","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"issue":"5","key":"2347_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1097\/01.nmd.0000126729.08179.07","volume":"192","author":"H Fenta","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fenta H, Hyman I, Noh S: Determinants of depression among Ethiopian immigrants and refugees in Toronto. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2004, 192 (5): 363-372. 10.1097\/01.nmd.0000126729.08179.07.","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"2347_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03405545","volume":"100","author":"HA Hamilton","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hamilton HA, Noh S, Adlaf EM: Adolescent Risk Behaviours and Psychological Distress across Immigrant Generations. Can Journal Public Health. 2009, 100 (3): 221-225.","journal-title":"Can Journal Public Health"},{"key":"2347_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.143846","volume":"1","author":"LR Snowden","year":"2005","unstructured":"Snowden LR, Yamada AM: Cultural differences in access to care. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2005, 1: 143-166. 10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.143846.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2347_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1037\/0002-9432.77.3.350","volume":"77","author":"G Nelson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nelson G, Aubry T, Lafrance A: A review of the literature on the effectiveness of housing and support, assertive community treatment, and intensive case management interventions for persons with mental illness who have been homeless. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2007, 77 (3): 350-361.","journal-title":"Am J Orthopsychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"2347_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.94.4.651","volume":"94","author":"S Tsemberis","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tsemberis S, Gulcur L, Nakae M: Housing First, consumer choice, and harm reduction for homeless individuals with a dual diagnosis. Am J Public Health. 2004, 94 (4): 651-656. 10.2105\/AJPH.94.4.651.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"2347_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s10464-005-8617-z","volume":"36","author":"RM Greenwood","year":"2005","unstructured":"Greenwood RM, Schaefer-McDaniel NJ, Winkel G, Tsemberis SJ: Decreasing psychiatric symptoms by increasing choice in services for adults with histories of homelessness. Am J Community Psychol. 2005, 36 (3\u20134): 223-238.","journal-title":"Am J Community Psychol"},{"key":"2347_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1002\/yd.23319998204","volume":"82","author":"S Tsemberis","year":"1999","unstructured":"Tsemberis S, Elfenbein C: A perspective on voluntary and involuntary outreach services for the homeless mentally ill. New Dir Ment Health Serv. 1999, 82: 9-19.","journal-title":"New Dir Ment Health Serv"},{"issue":"4","key":"2347_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.51.4.487","volume":"51","author":"S Tsemberis","year":"2000","unstructured":"Tsemberis S, Eisenberg RF: Pathways to housing: supported housing for street-dwelling homeless individuals with psychiatric disabilities. Psychiatr Serv. 2000, 51 (4): 487-493. 10.1176\/appi.ps.51.4.487.","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"issue":"2","key":"2347_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.bjsw.a011443","volume":"29","author":"C Williams","year":"1999","unstructured":"Williams C: Connecting Anti-racist and Anti-oppressive Theory and Practice: Retrenchment or Reappraisal?. Br J Soc Work. 1999, 29 (2): 211-230. 10.1093\/oxfordjournals.bjsw.a011443.","journal-title":"Br J Soc Work"},{"issue":"5","key":"2347_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1093\/bjsw\/30.5.553","volume":"30","author":"A Wilson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wilson A, Beresford P: 'Anti-oppressive practice': emancipation or appropriation?. Br J Soc Work. 2000, 30 (5): 553-573. 10.1093\/bjsw\/30.5.553.","journal-title":"Br J Soc Work"},{"key":"2347_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-137-03728-2","volume-title":"Anti-racism social work","author":"L Dominelli","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dominelli L: Anti-racism social work. 2008, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 3","edition":"3"},{"key":"2347_CR33","volume-title":"Anti-Oppressive Practice: Social Care and the Law","author":"J Dalrymple","year":"1995","unstructured":"Dalrymple J, Burke B: Anti-Oppressive Practice: Social Care and the Law. 1995, Open University Press, Buckingham, UK"},{"key":"2347_CR34","volume-title":"Teaching\/learning anti-racism: a developmental approach","author":"L Derman-Sparks","year":"1997","unstructured":"Derman-Sparks L, Phillips C: Teaching\/learning anti-racism: a developmental approach. 1997, Teachers College Press, New York"},{"issue":"1","key":"2347_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1080\/10428230802070223","volume":"19","author":"G Larson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Larson G: Anti-oppressive Practice in Mental Health. J Prog Hum Serv. 2008, 19 (1): 39-54.","journal-title":"J Prog Hum Serv"},{"issue":"2","key":"2347_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1177\/1363461512441594","volume":"49","author":"S Corneau","year":"2012","unstructured":"Corneau S, Stergiopoulos V: More than being against it: Anti-racism and anti-oppression in mental health services. Transcult Psychiatry. 2012, 49 (2): 261-282. 10.1177\/1363461512441594.","journal-title":"Transcult Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"2347_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1177\/1049731505282593","volume":"16","author":"DK Padgett","year":"2006","unstructured":"Padgett DK, Gulcur L, Tsemberis S: Housing First Services for People Who Are Homeless With Co-Occurring Serious Mental Illness and Substance Abuse. Res Social Work Prac. 2006, 16 (1): 74-83. 10.1177\/1049731505282593.","journal-title":"Res Social Work Prac"},{"issue":"2","key":"2347_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s11414-009-9206-y","volume":"37","author":"M Kresky-Wolff","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kresky-Wolff M, Larson MJ, O'Brien RW, McGraw SA: Supportive housing approaches in the Collaborative Initiative to Help End Chronic Homelessness (CICH). J Behav Health Serv Res. 2010, 37 (2): 213-225. 10.1007\/s11414-009-9206-y.","journal-title":"J Behav Health Serv Res"},{"key":"2347_CR39","volume-title":"Housing First: The Pathways Model to End Homelessness for People with Mental Illness and Addiction Manual","author":"S Tsemberis","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tsemberis S: Housing First: The Pathways Model to End Homelessness for People with Mental Illness and Addiction Manual. 2010, Hazelden, Center City"},{"issue":"2","key":"2347_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6629(199903)27:2<225::AID-JCOP9>3.0.CO;2-Y","volume":"27","author":"S Tsemberis","year":"1999","unstructured":"Tsemberis S: From streets to homes: An innovative approach to supported housing for homeless adults with psychiatric disabilities. J Community Psychol. 1999, 27 (2): 225-241. 10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6629(199903)27:2<225::AID-JCOP9>3.0.CO;2-Y.","journal-title":"J Community Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2347_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000323","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2011-000323","volume":"1","author":"P Goering","year":"2011","unstructured":"Goering P, Streiner D, Adair CE, Aubry T, Barker J, Distasio J, Hwang SW, Komaroff J, Latimer E, Somers J, et al: The At Home\/Chez Soi trial protocol: a pragmatic, multi-site, radnomized controlled trial of Housing First in five Canadian cities. BMJ Open. 2011, 1 (2): e000323-10.1136\/bmjopen-2011-000323.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2347_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-787","volume":"12","author":"S Hwang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hwang S, Stergiopoulos V, O'Campo P, Gozdzik A: Ending homelessness among people with mental illness: The At Home\/Chez Soi randomized trial of a Housing First intervention in Toronto. BMC Publ Health. 2012, 12: 787-10.1186\/1471-2458-12-787.","journal-title":"BMC Publ Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"2347_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-9338(97)83296-8","volume":"12","author":"Y Lecrubier","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lecrubier Y, Sheehan DV, Weiller E, Amorim P, Bonora I, Harnett Sheehan K, Janavs J, Dunbar GC: The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). A short diagnostic structured interview: reliability and validity according to the CIDI. Eur Psychiat. 1997, 12 (5): 224-231. 10.1016\/S0924-9338(97)83296-8.","journal-title":"Eur Psychiat"},{"issue":"2","key":"2347_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022610620391","volume":"39","author":"FB Dickerson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Dickerson FB, Origoni AE, Pater A, Friedman BK, Kordonski WM: An expanded version of the Multnomah Community Ability Scale: anchors and interview probes for the assessment of adults with serious mental illness. Community Ment Health J. 2003, 39 (2): 131-137. 10.1023\/A:1022610620391.","journal-title":"Community Ment Health J"},{"key":"2347_CR45","volume-title":"Becoming an Ally: Breaking the Cycle of Oppression in People","author":"A Bishop","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bishop A: Becoming an Ally: Breaking the Cycle of Oppression in People. 2002, Fernwood Publishing, Halifax, 2","edition":"2"},{"key":"2347_CR46","volume-title":"Anti-racism","author":"A Bonnett","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bonnett A: Anti-racism. 2000, Routledge, New York"},{"key":"2347_CR47","volume-title":"Pedagogy of the Oppressed, 30th Anniversary edition","author":"P Freire","year":"2006","unstructured":"Freire P: Pedagogy of the Oppressed, 30th Anniversary edition. 2006, Continuum, New York"},{"key":"2347_CR48","volume-title":"Complementary Therapies in Mental Health Treatment","author":"S Jennings","year":"1995","unstructured":"Jennings S: Complementary Therapies in Mental Health Treatment. 1995, King's Fund Centre, London"},{"issue":"1","key":"2347_CR49","first-page":"67","volume":"15","author":"I Mallinson","year":"1995","unstructured":"Mallinson I: Moving from anti-racist practice to 'non-oppressive practice'?. Issues Soc Work Educ. 1995, 15 (1): 67-77.","journal-title":"Issues Soc Work Educ"},{"key":"2347_CR50","volume-title":"Residential Mental Health Services for People from Black and Minority Ethnic Communities","author":"Safe Haven","year":"1998","unstructured":"Safe Haven: Residential Mental Health Services for People from Black and Minority Ethnic Communities. 1998, Submitted and Published by CVS Consultants, Commissioned by Ujima Housing Association and English Churches Housing Group and funded by London Borough Grants and The Housing Corporation, London"},{"key":"2347_CR51","volume-title":"Cultural Competency Assessment Scale with Instructions: Outpatient Service Delivery Agency Level","author":"C Siegel","year":"2004","unstructured":"Siegel C, Haughland G, Chambers E: Cultural Competency Assessment Scale with Instructions: Outpatient Service Delivery Agency Level. 2004, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Center for the Study of Issues in Public Mental Health, Orangeburg, NY"},{"issue":"3","key":"2347_CR52","first-page":"29","volume":"3","author":"C Tator","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tator C: Advancing the Ontario Human Rights Commission\u2019s Policy and Education Function. Can Divers. 2004, 3 (3): 29-31.","journal-title":"Can Divers"},{"key":"2347_CR53","volume-title":"Permanent Supportive Housing: Evaluating Your Program. DHHS Pub No. SMA-08-4344","author":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA)","year":"2008","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA): Permanent Supportive Housing: Evaluating Your Program. DHHS Pub No. SMA-08-4344. 2008, Center for Mental Health Services, SAMHSA, U.S: Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD"},{"key":"2347_CR54","volume-title":"Permanent Supportive Housing: Evaluating Your Program. DHHS Pub No. SMA-10-4509","author":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA)","year":"2008","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA): Permanent Supportive Housing: Evaluating Your Program. DHHS Pub No. SMA-10-4509. 2008, Center for Mental Health Services, SAMHSA, U.S: Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD"},{"key":"2347_CR55","volume-title":"Enhancing ACT fidelity assessment: Introducing the TMACT","author":"GB Teague","year":"2009","unstructured":"Teague GB, Monroe-DeVita M, Moser L: Enhancing ACT fidelity assessment: Introducing the TMACT. 2009, Annual Assertive Community Treatment Conference, Arlington, VA"},{"key":"2347_CR56","volume-title":"Final Report on the Cross-Site Evaluation of the Collaborative Program to Prevent Homelessness","author":"VF Williams","year":"2001","unstructured":"Williams VF, Banks SM, Robbins PC, Oakley D, Dean J: Final Report on the Cross-Site Evaluation of the Collaborative Program to Prevent Homelessness. 2001, Policy Research Associates, Delmar, NY"},{"key":"2347_CR57","volume-title":"Tool for Measurement of Assertive Community Treatment (TMACT)","author":"MB Monroe-DeVita","year":"2008","unstructured":"Monroe-DeVita MB, Teague GB, Moser LL, et al: Tool for Measurement of Assertive Community Treatment (TMACT). 2008"},{"key":"2347_CR58","unstructured":"Stefancic A, Tsemberis S, Messeri P, Drake R: The Key Ingredients of Pathways Housing First for Indivdiuals with Psychiatric Disabilities. American Journal of Psychiatric Rehabilitation. in review"},{"key":"2347_CR59","first-page":"496","volume-title":"Approaches to Qualitative Research: A Reader on Theory and Practice","author":"K Charmaz","year":"2004","unstructured":"Charmaz K: Grounded Theory. Approaches to Qualitative Research: A Reader on Theory and Practice. Edited by: Hesse-Biber SN, Leavy P. 2004, Oxford University, New York, 496-521."},{"issue":"11","key":"2347_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(90)90256-R","volume":"30","author":"K Charmaz","year":"1990","unstructured":"Charmaz K: \u2018Discovering\u2019 chronic illness: Using grounded theory. Soc Sci Med. 1990, 30 (11): 1161-1172. 10.1016\/0277-9536(90)90256-R.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2347_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1300\/J020v17n01_07","volume":"17","author":"S Tsemberis","year":"1999","unstructured":"Tsemberis S, Asmussen S: From streets to homes: The Pathways to Housing Consumer Preference Supported Housing Model. Alcoho Treat Q. 1999, 17 (1\u20132): 113-131.","journal-title":"Alcoho Treat Q"},{"issue":"4","key":"2347_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.2307\/2136676","volume":"22","author":"L Pearlin","year":"1981","unstructured":"Pearlin L, Lieberman M, Menaghan E, Mullan J: The stress process. J Health Soc Behav. 1981, 22 (4): 337-356. 10.2307\/2136676.","journal-title":"J Health Soc Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"2347_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018764229147","volume":"34","author":"G Nelson","year":"1998","unstructured":"Nelson G, Hall GB, Walsh-Bowers R: The Relationship Between Housing Characteristics, Emotional Well-Being and the Personal Empowerment of Psychiatric Consumer\/Survivors. Community Ment Health J. 1998, 34 (1): 57-69. 10.1023\/A:1018764229147.","journal-title":"Community Ment Health J"},{"issue":"7","key":"2347_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-7358(98)00076-2","volume":"19","author":"AM Baronet","year":"1999","unstructured":"Baronet AM: Factors associated with caregiver burden in mental illness: a critical review of the research literature. Clin Psychol Rev. 1999, 19 (7): 819-841. 10.1016\/S0272-7358(98)00076-2.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"2347_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.2307\/1519780","volume":"44","author":"TN Brown","year":"2003","unstructured":"Brown TN: Critical race theory speaks to the sociology of mental health: mental health problems produced by racial stratification. J Health Soc Behav. 2003, 44 (3): 292-301. 10.2307\/1519780.","journal-title":"J Health Soc Behav"}],"container-title":["BMC Health Services Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1472-6963-12-345.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1472-6963-12-345\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1472-6963-12-345","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1472-6963-12-345.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T21:05:05Z","timestamp":1630530305000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmchealthservres.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1472-6963-12-345"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,2]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2347"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1472-6963-12-345","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6963"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6963","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 March 2012","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 September 2012","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 October 2012","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"345"}}