{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T22:38:52Z","timestamp":1787870332814,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,1]],"date-time":"2006-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1164931200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Health Serv Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Because individuals with HIV\/AIDS often have complex medical and social needs, the impact of housing status on medical service utilization is difficult to isolate from the impact of conditions that may worsen during periods of homelessness such as depression and substance abuse. We examine whether episodes of homelessness are independently associated with suboptimal medical utilization even when accounting for concurrent addiction severity and depression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We used data from a 30-month cohort of patients with HIV\/AIDS and alcohol problems. Housing status, utilization (ambulatory visits, emergency department (ED) visits, and hospitalizations) and other features were assessed with standardized research interviews at 6-month intervals. Multivariable longitudinal regression models calculated incidence rate ratios (IRR) comparing utilization rates during 6-month intervals (homeless versus housed). Additional models assessed whether addiction severity and depressive symptoms could account for utilization differences.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of the 349 subjects, 139 (39%) reported homelessness at least once during the study period; among these subjects, the median number of nights homeless per 6-month interview period was 30. Homelessness was associated with higher ED utilization (IRR = 2.17; 95% CI = 1.72\u20132.74) and hospitalizations (IRR = 2.30; 1.70\u20133.12), despite no difference in ambulatory care utilization (IRR = 1.09; 0.89\u20131.33). These associations were attenuated but remained significant when adjusting for addiction severity and depressive symptoms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In patients with HIV\/AIDS and alcohol problems, efforts to improve housing stability may help to mitigate intensive medical utilization patterns.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-6-19","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,4]],"date-time":"2006-03-04T07:35:49Z","timestamp":1141457749000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Episodic homelessness and health care utilization in a prospective cohort of HIV-infected persons with alcohol problems"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Theresa W","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan G","family":"Kertesz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas J","family":"Horton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Tibbetts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey H","family":"Samet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"196_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.94.7.1207","volume":"94","author":"MJ Robertson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Robertson MJ, Clark RA, Charlebois ED, Tulsky J, Long HL, Bangsberg , Moss AR: HIV seroprevalence among homeless and marginally housed adults in San Francisco. Am J Public Health. 2004, 94: 1207-17.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"196_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.55.7.515","volume":"55","author":"DP Culhane","year":"2001","unstructured":"Culhane DP, Gollub E, Kuhn R, Shapner M: The co-occurrence of AIDS and homelessness: results from the integration of administrative databases for AIDS surveillance and public shelter utilization in Philadelphia. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2001, 55: 515-20. 10.1136\/jech.55.7.515.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"196_CR3","unstructured":"Health Resources Services Administration's HIV\/AIDS Bureau. The AIDS Epidemic and the Ryan White Care Act, Past Successes and Future Challenges, 2004\u20132005. 2004, [http:\/\/www.hab.hrsa.gov]"},{"key":"196_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-135-8_Part_1-200110160-00006","volume":"135","author":"MH Katz","year":"2001","unstructured":"Katz MH, Cunningham WE, Fleishman JA, Andersen RM, Kellogg T, Bozzette SA, Shapiro MF: Effect of case management on unmet needs and utilization of medical care and medications among HIV-infected persons. Ann Intern Med. 2001, 135: 557-65.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"196_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-200001000-00007","volume":"38","author":"MH Katz","year":"2000","unstructured":"Katz MH, Cunningham WE, Mor V, Andersen RM, Kellogg T, Zierler S, Crystal SC, Stein MD, Cylar K, Bozzette SA, Shapiro MF: Prevalence and predictors of unmet need for supportive services among HIV-infected persons: impact of case management. Med Care. 2000, 38: 58-69. 10.1097\/00005650-200001000-00007.","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"196_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ALC.0000113414.73220.21","volume":"28","author":"J Conigliaro","year":"2004","unstructured":"Conigliaro J, Madenwald T, Bryant K, Braithwaite S, Gordon A, Fultz SL, Maisto S, Samet J, Kraemer K, Cook R, Day N, Roach D, Richey S, Justice A: The Veterans Aging Cohort Study: observational studies of alcohol use, abuse, and outcomes among human immunodeficiency virus-infected veterans. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2004, 28: 313-21. 10.1097\/01.ALC.0000113414.73220.21.","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"196_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.84.12.1907","volume":"84","author":"BG Link","year":"1994","unstructured":"Link BG, Susser E, Stueve A, Phelan J, Moore RE, Struening E: Lifetime and five-year prevalence of homelessness in the United States. Am J Public Health. 1994, 84: 1907-12.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"196_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2000.91003.x","volume":"15","author":"MY Smith","year":"2000","unstructured":"Smith MY, Rapkin BD, Winkel G, Springer C, Chhabra R, Feldman IS: Housing status and health care service utilization among low-income persons with HIV\/AIDS. J Gen Intern Med. 2000, 15: 731-38. 10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2000.91003.x.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"196_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1080\/09540120412331269585","volume":"16","author":"CL Masson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Masson CL, Sorensen JL, Phibbs CS, Okin RL: Predictors of medical service utilization among individuals with co-occurring HIV infection and substance abuse disorders. AIDS Care. 2004, 16: 744-55. 10.1080\/09540120412331269585.","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"196_CR10","volume-title":"J Gen Intern Med","author":"D Bangsberg","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bangsberg D, Bamberger JD, Hecht FM, Robertson M, McKenzie M, Jankowski J, Moss AR: Protease inhibitor access, use and self-reported adherence in HIV-infected homeless adults. J Gen Intern Med. 1997"},{"key":"196_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1086\/424008","volume":"39","author":"AR Moss","year":"2004","unstructured":"Moss AR, Hahn JA, Perry S, Charlebois ED, Guzman D, Clark RA, Bangsberg DR: Adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy in the homeless population in San Francisco: a prospective study. Clin Infect Dis. 2004, 39: 1190-1198. 10.1086\/424008.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"196_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200207010-00012","volume":"30","author":"S Lieb","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lieb S, Brooks RG, Hopkins RS, Thompson D, Crockett LK, Liberti T, Jani AA, Nadler JP, Virkud VM, West KC, McLaughlin G: Predicting death from HIV\/AIDS: a case-control study from Florida public HIV\/AIDS clinics. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2002, 30: 351-58.","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"196_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.2010.0013","volume":"7","author":"PS Arno","year":"1996","unstructured":"Arno PS, Bonuck KA, Green J, Fleishman J, Bennett CL, Fahs MC, Maffeo C, Drucker E: The impact of housing status on health care utilization among persons with HIV disease. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 1996, 7: 36-49.","journal-title":"J Health Care Poor Underserved"},{"key":"196_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0740-5472(03)00064-3","volume":"25","author":"A Palepu","year":"2003","unstructured":"Palepu A, Horton NJ, Tibbetts N, Dukes K, Meli S, Samet JH: Substance abuse treatment and emergency department utilization among a cohort of HIV-infected persons with alcohol problems. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2003, 25: 37-42. 10.1016\/S0740-5472(03)00064-3.","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"key":"196_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1080\/09540120412331290239","volume":"16","author":"CA Latkin","year":"2004","unstructured":"Latkin CA, Forman-Hoffman VL, D'Souza G, Knowlton AR: Associations between medical service use and HIV risk among HIV-positive drug users in Baltimore, MD. AIDS Care. 2004, 16: 901-8. 10.1080\/09540120412331290239.","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"196_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1089\/108729103322555953","volume":"17","author":"JJ Pulvirenti","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pulvirenti JJ, Glowacki R, Muppiddi U, Surapaneni N, Gail C, Kohl B, Jezisek T: Hospitalized HIV-infected patients in the HAART era: a view from the inner city. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2003, 17: 565-73. 10.1089\/108729103322555953.","journal-title":"AIDS Patient Care STDS"},{"key":"196_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-3182(92)71946-X","volume":"33","author":"GS Belkin","year":"1992","unstructured":"Belkin GS, Fleishman JA, Stein MD, Piette J, Mor V: Physical symptoms and depressive symptoms among individuals with HIV infection. Psychosomatics. 1992, 33: 416-27.","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"key":"196_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2000.06219.x","volume":"15","author":"U Sambamoorthi","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sambamoorthi U, Walkup J, Olfson M, Crystal S: Antidepressant treatment and health services utilization among HIV-infected medicaid patients diagnosed with depression. J Gen Intern Med. 2000, 15: 311-20. 10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2000.06219.x.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"196_CR19","first-page":"834","volume":"42","author":"DK Padgett","year":"1991","unstructured":"Padgett DK, Struening EL: Influence of substance abuse and mental disorders on emergency room use by homeless adults. Hosp Community Psychiatry. 1991, 42: 834-8.","journal-title":"Hosp Community Psychiatry"},{"key":"196_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.89.9.1334","volume":"89","author":"JC Phelan","year":"1999","unstructured":"Phelan JC, Link BG: Who are \"the homeless\"? Reconsidering the stability and composition of the homeless population. Am J Public Health. 1999, 89: 1334-38.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"196_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ALC.0000065438.80967.56","volume":"27","author":"JH Samet","year":"2003","unstructured":"Samet JH, Horton NJ, Traphagen ET, Lyon SM, Freedberg KA: Alcohol consumption and HIV disease progression: are they related?. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2003, 27: 862-67.","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"196_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1177\/135965350501000106","volume":"10","author":"JH Samet","year":"2005","unstructured":"Samet JH, Horton NJ, Meli S, Dukes K, Tripps T, Sullivan L, Freedberg KA: A randomized controlled trial to enhance antiretroviral therapy adherence in patients with a history of alcohol problems. Antivir Ther. 2005, 10: 83-93.","journal-title":"Antivir Ther"},{"key":"196_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-115-10-774","volume":"115","author":"DG Buchsbaum","year":"1991","unstructured":"Buchsbaum DG, Buchanan RG, Centor RM, Schnoll SH, Lawton MJ: Screening for alcohol abuse using CAGE scores and likelihood ratios. Ann Intern Med. 1991, 115: 774-7.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"196_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1983.01790060110016","volume":"40","author":"MF Folstein","year":"1983","unstructured":"Folstein MF, Robins LN, Helzer JE: The Mini-Mental State Examination. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1983, 40: 812.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"196_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1995.00430150107011","volume":"155","author":"JH Samet","year":"1995","unstructured":"Samet JH, Libman H, Labelle C, Steger K, Lewis R, Craven DE, Freedberg KA: A model clinic for the initial evaluation and establishment of primary care for persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Arch Intern Med. 1995, 155: 1629-33. 10.1001\/archinte.155.15.1629.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"196_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2003.10.011","volume":"73","author":"V Ehrenstein","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ehrenstein V, Horton NJ, Samet JH: Inconsistent condom use among HIV-infected patients with alcohol problems. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2004, 73: 159-66. 10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2003.10.011.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"196_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0740-5472(03)00026-6","volume":"24","author":"SG Kertesz","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kertesz SG, Horton NJ, Friedmann PD, Saitz R, Samet JH: Slowing the revolving door: stabilization programs reduce homeless persons' substance use after detoxification. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2003, 24: 197-207. 10.1016\/S0740-5472(03)00026-6.","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"key":"196_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2950592","volume":"235","author":"PH Rossi","year":"1987","unstructured":"Rossi PH, Wright JD, Fisher GA, Willis G: The urban homeless: estimating composition and size. Science. 1987, 235: 1336-41.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"196_CR29","first-page":"1273","volume":"34","author":"L Gelberg","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gelberg L, Andersen RM, Leake BD: The Behavioral Model for Vulnerable Populations: application to medical care use and outcomes for homeless people. Health Serv Res. 2000, 34: 1273-302.","journal-title":"Health Serv Res"},{"key":"196_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/0740-5472(92)90062-S","volume":"9","author":"AT McLellan","year":"1992","unstructured":"McLellan AT, Kushner H, Metzger D, Peters R, Smith I, Grissom G, Pettinati H, Argeriou M: The Fifth Edition of the Addiction Severity Index. J Subst Abuse Treat. 1992, 9: 199-213. 10.1016\/0740-5472(92)90062-S.","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"key":"196_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1177\/014662167700100306","volume":"1","author":"L Radloff","year":"1977","unstructured":"Radloff L: The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement. 1977, 1: 385-401.","journal-title":"Applied Psychological Measurement"},{"key":"196_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/73.1.13","volume":"73","author":"K Liang","year":"1986","unstructured":"Liang K, Zeger SL: Longitudinal data analysis using generalized linear models. Biometrika. 1986, 73: 13-22.","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"196_CR33","volume-title":"Version 8.2 of the SAS System for Windows. (8.2). 2001","author":"SAS\/STAT","year":"1999","unstructured":"SAS\/STAT: Version 8.2 of the SAS System for Windows. (8.2). 2001. 1999, Cary, NC, USA, SAS Institute Inc, Ref Type: Computer Program"},{"key":"196_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199610000-00005","volume":"34","author":"JS Weissman","year":"1996","unstructured":"Weissman JS, Cleary PD, Seage GR3, Gatsonis C, Haas JS, Chasan-Taber S, Epstein AM: The influence of health-related quality of life and social characteristics on hospital use by patients with AIDS in the Boston Health Study. Med Care. 1996, 34: 1037-56. 10.1097\/00005650-199610000-00005.","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"196_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.158.13.1454","volume":"158","author":"SW Hwang","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hwang SW, Lebow JM, Bierer MF, O'Connell JJ, Orav EJ, Brennan TA: Risk factors for death in homeless adults in Boston. Arch Intern Med. 1998, 158: 1454-60. 10.1001\/archinte.158.13.1454.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"196_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2492","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.163.20.2492","volume":"163","author":"MB Kushel","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kushel MB, Evans JL, Perry S, Robertson MJ, Moss AR: No door to lock: victimization among homeless and marginally housed persons. Arch Intern Med. 2003, 163: 2492-99. 10.1001\/archinte.163.20.2492.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"196_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.87.2.217","volume":"87","author":"L Gelberg","year":"1997","unstructured":"Gelberg L, Gallagher TC, Andersen RM, Koegel P: Competing priorities as a barrier to medical care among homeless adults in Los Angeles. Am J Public Health. 1997, 87: 217-20.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"196_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03405026","volume":"93","author":"SW Hwang","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hwang SW: Is homelessness hazardous to your health? Obstacles to the demonstration of a causal relationship. Can J Public Health. 2002, 93: 407-10.","journal-title":"Can J Public Health"},{"key":"196_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.53.11.1472","volume":"53","author":"P Goering","year":"2002","unstructured":"Goering P, Tolomiczenko G, Sheldon T, Boydell K, Wasylenki D: Characteristics of persons who are homeless for the first time. Psychiatr Serv. 2002, 53: 1472-74. 10.1176\/appi.ps.53.11.1472.","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"key":"196_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199806113382410","volume":"338","author":"P Starr","year":"1998","unstructured":"Starr P: The homeless and the public household. N Engl J Med. 1998, 338: 1761-63. 10.1056\/NEJM199806113382410.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"196_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1080\/10511482.2002.9521437","volume":"12","author":"D Culhane","year":"2002","unstructured":"Culhane D, Metraux S, Hadley T: Public service reductions associated with placement of homeless persons with severe mental illness in supportive housing. Housing Policy Debate. 2002, 12: 107-62.","journal-title":"Housing Policy Debate"},{"key":"196_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.2010.0633","volume":"10","author":"C Laine","year":"1999","unstructured":"Laine C, Markson LE, Fanning TR, Turner BJ: Relationship between ambulatory care accessibility and hospitalization for persons with advanced HIV disease. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 1999, 10: 313-27.","journal-title":"J Health Care Poor Underserved"},{"key":"196_CR43","first-page":"146","volume":"16","author":"AM Kilbourne","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kilbourne AM, Justice A, Weissman S, Rabeneck L, Rodriguez-Barradas M: Prevalence of general medical comorbidity among HIV+ veterans: Is there a role for general medicine in HIV care?. J Gen Intern Med. 2003, 16: 146.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"196_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199606001-00013","volume":"10","author":"JS Weissman","year":"1996","unstructured":"Weissman JS, Levin K, Chasan-Taber S, Massagli MP, Seage GR3, Scampini L: The validity of self-reported health-care utilization by AIDS patients. AIDS. 1996, 10: 775-83.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"196_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199703000-00008","volume":"35","author":"L Gelberg","year":"1997","unstructured":"Gelberg L, Siecke N: Accuracy of homeless adults' self-reports. Med Care. 1997, 35: 287-90. 10.1097\/00005650-199703000-00008.","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"196_CR46","first-page":"415","volume":"165","author":"A Palepu","year":"2001","unstructured":"Palepu A, Tyndall MW, Leon H, Muller J, O'Shaughnessy MV, Schechter MT, Anis AH: Hospital utilization and costs in a cohort of injection drug users. CMAJ. 2001, 165: 415-20.","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"196_CR47","first-page":"275","volume":"41","author":"MM Desai","year":"2003","unstructured":"Desai MM, Rosenheck RA, Kasprow WJ: Determinants of receipt of ambulatory medical care in a national sample of mentally ill homeless veterans. Med Care. 2003, 41: 275-87. 10.1097\/00005650-200302000-00009.","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"196_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1215\/03616878-24-1-91","volume":"24","author":"TP O'Toole","year":"1999","unstructured":"O'Toole TP, Gibbon JL, Hanusa BH, Fine MJ: Utilization of health care services among subgroups of urban homeless and housed poor. J Health Polit Policy Law. 1999, 24: 91-114.","journal-title":"J Health Polit Policy Law"},{"key":"196_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2355","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.18.2355","volume":"285","author":"C Laine","year":"2001","unstructured":"Laine C, Hauck WW, Gourevitch MN, Rothman J, Cohen A, Turner BJ: Regular outpatient medical and drug abuse care and subsequent hospitalization of persons who use illicit drugs. JAMA. 2001, 285: 2355-62. 10.1001\/jama.285.18.2355.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"196_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022176402357","volume":"26","author":"R Kuhn","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kuhn R, Culhane DP: Applying cluster analysis to test a typology of homelessness by pattern of shelter utilization: results from the analysis of administrative data. Am J Community Psychol. 1998, 26: 207-32. 10.1023\/A:1022176402357.","journal-title":"Am J Community Psychol"}],"container-title":["BMC Health Services Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1472-6963-6-19.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1472-6963-6-19\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1472-6963-6-19","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1472-6963-6-19.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,6]],"date-time":"2023-05-06T17:24:13Z","timestamp":1683393853000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmchealthservres.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1472-6963-6-19"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]}},"alternative-id":["196"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1472-6963-6-19","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6963"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6963","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 July 2005","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 February 2006","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 December 2006","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"19"}}