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Temperatures at which these processes are carried out can vary from ambient to 80\u00b0C and the types of organisms present depends to a large extent on the process temperature used. Irrespective of the operation temperature, biomining microbes have several characteristics in common. One shared characteristic is their ability to produce the ferric iron and sulfuric acid required to degrade the mineral and facilitate metal recovery. Other characteristics are their ability to grow autotrophically, their acid-tolerance and their inherent metal resistance or ability to acquire metal resistance. Although the microorganisms that drive the process have the above properties in common, biomining microbes usually occur in consortia in which cross-feeding may occur such that a combination of microbes including some with heterotrophic tendencies may contribute to the efficiency of the process. The remarkable adaptability of these organisms is assisted by several of the processes being continuous-flow systems that enable the continual selection of microorganisms that are more efficient at mineral degradation. Adaptability is also assisted by the processes being open and non-sterile thereby permitting new organisms to enter. This openness allows for the possibility of new genes that improve cell fitness to be selected from the horizontal gene pool. Characteristics that biomining microorganisms have in common and examples of their remarkable adaptability are described.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2859-4-13","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,6]],"date-time":"2005-05-06T18:13:37Z","timestamp":1115403217000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":359,"title":["Characteristics and adaptability of iron- and sulfur-oxidizing microorganisms used for the recovery of metals from minerals and their concentrates"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Douglas E","family":"Rawlings","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"41_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5177","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.70.9.5177-5182.2004","volume":"70","author":"S Alvarez","year":"2004","unstructured":"Alvarez S, Jerez C: Copper ions stimulate polyphosphate degradation and phosphate efflux in Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. 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