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An MTT assay was performed to evaluate cytotoxicity in MCF-7 cells. The CE and its fractions were tested <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> against chloroquine-sensitive (3D7) and -resistant (S20) strains of <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> in <jats:italic>Plasmodium chabaudi<\/jats:italic>-infected mice. <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic> interaction with artesunate and the active <jats:italic>C. pluviosa<\/jats:italic> fractions was assessed, and mass spectrometry analyses were conducted.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>At non-toxic concentrations, the 100% ethanolic (F4) and 50% methanolic (F5) fractions possessed significant anti-malarial activity against both 3D7 and S20 strains. Drug interaction assays with artesunate showed a synergistic interaction with the F4. Four days of treatment with this fraction significantly inhibited parasitaemia in mice in a dose-dependent manner. Mass spectrometry analyses revealed the presence of an ion corresponding to <jats:italic>m\/z<\/jats:italic> 303.0450, suggesting the presence of quercetin. However, a second set of analyses, with a quercetin standard, showed distinct ions of <jats:italic>m\/z<\/jats:italic> 137 and 153.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The findings show that the F4 fraction of <jats:italic>C. pluviosa<\/jats:italic> exhibits anti-malarial activity <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> at non-toxic concentrations, which was potentiated in the presence of artesunate. Moreover, this anti-malarial activity was also sustained <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> after treatment of infected mice. Finally, mass spectrometry analyses suggest that a new compound, most likely an isomer of quercetin, is responsible for the anti-malarial activity of the F4.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-10-112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,3]],"date-time":"2011-05-03T06:19:35Z","timestamp":1304403575000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["In vitro and in vivo assessment of the anti-malarial activity of Caesalpinia pluviosa"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Ana Carolina AV","family":"Kayano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefanie CP","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fernanda G","family":"Bueno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elaine C","family":"Cabral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wanessa C","family":"Souza-Neiras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucy M","family":"Yamauchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary A","family":"Foglio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcos N","family":"Eberlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Carlos P","family":"Mello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabio TM","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"1704_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1472-8206.2003.00164.x","volume":"17","author":"J Le Bras","year":"2003","unstructured":"Le Bras J, Durand R: The mechanisms of resistance to antimalarial drugs in Plasmodium falciparum. 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