{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T08:16:47Z","timestamp":1790324207186,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Malar J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Human populations that are naturally subjected to <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic> infection do not acquire complete protection against the liver stage of this parasite despite prolonged and frequent exposure. However, sterile immunity against <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic> liver stage can be achieved after repeated exposure to radiation attenuated sporozoites. The reasons for this different response remain largely unknown, but a suppressive effect of blood stage <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic> infection has been proposed as a cause for the lack of liver stage protection.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Using <jats:italic>Plasmodium yoelii<\/jats:italic> 17XNL, the response generated in mice subjected to daily infective bites from normal or irradiated mosquitoes was compared. The effect of daily-infected mosquito bites on mice that were previously immunized against <jats:italic>P. yoelii<\/jats:italic> liver stage was also studied.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>It was observed that while the bites of normal infected mosquitoes do not generate strong antibody responses and protection, the bites of irradiated mosquitoes result in high levels of anti-sporozoite antibodies and protection against liver stage <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic> infection. Exposure to daily infected mosquito bites did not eliminate the protection acquired previously with a experimental liver stage vaccine.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Liver stage immunity generated by irradiated versus normal <jats:italic>P. yoelii<\/jats:italic> infected mosquitoes is essentially different, probably because of the blood stage infection that follows normal mosquito bites, but not irradiated. While infective mosquito bites do not induce a protective liver stage response, they also do not interfere with previously acquired liver stage protective responses, even if they induce a complete blood stage infection. Considering that the recently generated anti-malaria vaccines induce only partial protection against infection, it is encouraging that, at least in mouse models, immunity is not negatively affected by subsequent exposure and infection with the parasite.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-10-97","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,22]],"date-time":"2011-04-22T18:16:27Z","timestamp":1303496187000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Daily Plasmodium yoelii infective mosquito bites do not generate protection or suppress previous immunity against the liver stage"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Tzvi","family":"Pollock","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Leitao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Galan-Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kurt A","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"1696_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13838","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0013838","volume":"5","author":"P Aide","year":"2010","unstructured":"Aide P, Aponte JJ, Renom M, Nhampossa T, Sacarlal J, Mandomando I, Bassat Q, Manaca MN, Leach A, Lievens M, Vekemans J, Dubois MC, Loucq C, Ballou WR, Cohen J, Alonso PL: Safety, immunogenicity and duration of protection of the RTS,S\/AS02(D) malaria vaccine: one year follow-up of a randomized controlled phase I\/IIb trial. 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