{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T21:31:06Z","timestamp":1791235866472,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Malar J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The mutations in <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic> chloroquine resistance transporter (<jats:italic>pfcrt<\/jats:italic>), multidrug resistance 1 (<jats:italic>pfmdr1<\/jats:italic>), dihydrofolate reductase (<jats:italic>pfdhfr<\/jats:italic>), dihydropteroate synthase (<jats:italic>pfdhps<\/jats:italic>) and ATPase (<jats:italic>pfatp6<\/jats:italic>) genes were associated with anti-malaria drug resistance. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of polymorphisms in <jats:italic>pfcrt<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>pfmdr1<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>pfdhfr<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>pfdhps<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>pfatp6<\/jats:italic> in Yunnan Province. Finger-prick blood samples were collected from malaria-positive patients from Yunnan Province in 2009-2010. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the resistance-related genes were analysed by various PCR-based methods.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A total of 108 blood samples were collected. Although chloroquine has not been used to treat falciparum malaria for nearly 30 years, 95.3% of the parasites still carried the <jats:italic>pfcrt<\/jats:italic> K76T mutation, whereas the majority of isolates displayed the wild-type <jats:italic>pfmdr1<\/jats:italic> N86 and D1246 sequences. The molecular level of sulphadoxine\u2013pyrimethamine resistance in <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> was high. The most prevalent mutation was <jats:italic>pfdhfr<\/jats:italic> C59R (95.9%), whereas the frequencies of the quadruple, triple and double mutants were 22.7% (N51I\/C59R\/S108N\/I164L), 51.5% (N51I\/C59R\/S108N, N51I\/C59R\/I164L and C59R\/S108N\/ I164L) and 21.6% (N51I\/ C59R, C59R\/S108N and C59R\/I164L), respectively. A437G (n\u2009=\u200977) and K540E (n\u2009=\u200971) were the most prevalent mutations in <jats:italic>pfdhps<\/jats:italic>, and 52.7% of the samples were double mutants, among which A437G\/K540E was the most common double mutation (37\/49). Quadruple mutants were found in 28.0% (26\/93) of samples. A total of 8.6% of isolates (8\/93) carried the S436A\/A437G\/A581G triple mutation. No mutations were found in <jats:italic>pfatp6<\/jats:italic> codons 623 or 769, but another two mutations (N683K and R756K) were found in 4.6% (3\/97) and 9.2% (6\/97) of parasite isolates, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This study identified a high frequency of mutations in <jats:italic>pfcrt<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>pfdhfr<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>pfdhps<\/jats:italic> associated with CQ and SP resistance in <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> and no mutations linked to artemisinin resistance (<jats:italic>pfatp6<\/jats:italic>). Molecular epidemiology should be included in routine surveillance protocols and used to provide complementary information to assess the appropriateness of the current national anti-malarial drug policy.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-11-243","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,28]],"date-time":"2012-07-28T14:14:17Z","timestamp":1343484857000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Molecular epidemiology of drug resistance markers of Plasmodium falciparum in Yunnan Province, China"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Fang","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linhua","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henglin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuisen","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junwei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaohua","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2191_CR1","unstructured":"Malaria Disease Burden in SEA Region. 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