{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T08:17:07Z","timestamp":1790324227730,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,22]],"date-time":"2012-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1350864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Malar J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-11-349","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,22]],"date-time":"2012-10-22T10:14:19Z","timestamp":1350900859000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Resistance to malaria in humans: the impact of strong, recent selection"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Philip W","family":"Hedrick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2496_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1086\/432519","volume":"77","author":"DP Kwiatkowski","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kwiatkowski DP: How malaria has affected the human genome and what human genetics can teach us about malaria. Amer J Hum Genet. 2005, 77: 171-192. 10.1086\/432519.","journal-title":"Amer J Hum Genet"},{"key":"2496_CR2","first-page":"68","volume":"19","author":"JBS Haldane","year":"1949","unstructured":"Haldane JBS: Disease and evolution. La Ricerca Scientifica. 1949, 19: 68-76.","journal-title":"La Ricerca Scientifica"},{"issue":"S1","key":"2496_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-5223.1949.tb03339.x","volume":"35","author":"JBS Haldane","year":"1949","unstructured":"Haldane JBS: The rate of mutation of human genes. Hereditas. 1949, 35 (S1): 267-273.","journal-title":"Hereditas"},{"key":"2496_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511546259.002","volume-title":"Infectious Disease and Host-Pathogen Evolution","author":"JF Crow","year":"2004","unstructured":"Crow JF: J. B. S. Haldane\u2019s ideas in biology with special reference to disease and evolution. Infectious Disease and Host-Pathogen Evolution. Edited by: Dronamraju KR. 2004, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 11-17."},{"key":"2496_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511546259.003","volume-title":"Infectious Disease and Host-Pathogen Evolution","author":"DJ Weatherall","year":"2004","unstructured":"Weatherall DJ: J. B. S. Haldane and the malaria hypothesis. Infectious Disease and Host-Pathogen Evolution. Edited by: Dronamraju KR. 2004, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 18-36."},{"key":"2496_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1038\/hdy.2011.16","volume":"107","author":"PW Hedrick","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hedrick PW: Population genetics of malaria resistance in humans. Heredity. 2011, 107: 283-304. 10.1038\/hdy.2011.16.","journal-title":"Heredity"},{"key":"2496_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.4857.290","volume":"1","author":"AC Allison","year":"1954","unstructured":"Allison AC: Protection afforded by the sickle-cell trait against subtertian malaria infection. Brit Med J. 1954, 1: 290-294. 10.1136\/bmj.1.4857.290.","journal-title":"Brit Med J"},{"key":"2496_CR8","volume-title":"World Malaria Report","author":"WHO","year":"2011","unstructured":"WHO: World Malaria Report. 2011, Geneva: World Health Organization"},{"key":"2496_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60034-8","volume":"379","author":"CJL Murray","year":"2012","unstructured":"Murray CJL, Rosenfeld LC, Lim SS, Andrews KG, Foreman KJ, Haring D, Fullman N, Lozano NM, Lozano R, Lopez AD: Global malaria mortality between 1980 and 2010: a systematic analysis. Lancet. 2012, 379: 413-431. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60034-8.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2496_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.15.4.564-594.2002","volume":"15","author":"R Carter","year":"2002","unstructured":"Carter R, Mendis KN: Evolutionary and historical aspects of the burden of malaria. Clin Micro Rev. 2002, 15: 564-594. 10.1128\/CMR.15.4.564-594.2002.","journal-title":"Clin Micro Rev"},{"key":"2496_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09442","volume":"467","author":"W Liu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Liu W, Li V, Rudicell RS, Robertson JD, Keele BF, Ndjango J-B N, Sanz CM, Morgan DB, Locatelli S, Gonder MK, Kranzusch PJ, Walsh PD, Delaporte E, Mpoudi-Ngole E, Georgiev AV, Muller MN, Shaw GM, Peeters M, Sharp PM, Rayner JC, Hahn BH: Origin of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum in gorillas. Nature. 2010, 467: 420-425. 10.1038\/nature09442.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2496_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2011.01.006","volume":"27","author":"JC Rayner","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rayner JC, Liu W, Peeters M, Sharp PM, Hahn BH: A plethora of Plasmodium species in wild apes: a source of human infection?. Trends Parasit. 2011, 27: 222-229. 10.1016\/j.pt.2011.01.006.","journal-title":"Trends Parasit"},{"key":"2496_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/s00239-011-9476-x","volume":"73","author":"JM Baron","year":"2011","unstructured":"Baron JM, Higgins JM, Dzik WH: A revised timeline for the origin of Plasmodium falciparum as a human pathogen. J Molec Evol. 2011, 73: 297-304. 10.1007\/s00239-011-9476-x.","journal-title":"J Molec Evol"},{"key":"2496_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-3536(98)80069-3","volume":"11","author":"J Flint","year":"1998","unstructured":"Flint J, Harding RM, Boyce AJ, Clegg JB: The population genetics of the haemoglobinopathies. Bailliere\u2019s Clin Haemat. 1998, 11: 1-51. 10.1016\/S0950-3536(98)80069-3.","journal-title":"Bailliere\u2019s Clin Haemat"},{"key":"2496_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms1104","volume":"1","author":"FB Piel","year":"2010","unstructured":"Piel FB, Patil AP, Howes RE, Nyangiri OA, Gething PW, Williams TN, Weatherall DJ, Hay SI: Global distribution of the sickle cell gene and geographical confirmation of the malaria hypothesis. Nat Commun. 2010, 1: 104-10.1038\/ncomms1104.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2496_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms1265","volume":"2","author":"RE Howes","year":"2011","unstructured":"Howes RE, Patil AP, Piel FB, Nyangiri OA, Kabaria CW, Gething PW, Zimmerman PA, Bernades C, Beall CM, Gebremedhin A, M\u00e9nard D, Williams TN, Weatherall DJ, Hay SI: The global distribution of the Duffy blood group. Nat Commun. 2011, 2: 226-","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2496_CR17","first-page":"144","volume":"46","author":"DF O\u2019Shaughnessy","year":"1990","unstructured":"O\u2019Shaughnessy DF, Hill AVS, Bowden DK, Weatherall DJ, Clegg JB: Globin genes in Micronesia: origins and affinities of Pacific Island peoples. Amer J Hum Genet. 1990, 46: 144-155.","journal-title":"Amer J Hum Genet"},{"key":"2496_CR18","volume-title":"Frequencies of Haemoglobin Variants","author":"FB Livingstone","year":"1985","unstructured":"Livingstone FB: Frequencies of Haemoglobin Variants. 1985, Oxford: Oxford University Press"},{"key":"2496_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1119058109","volume":"109","author":"E Valcindag","year":"2012","unstructured":"Valcindag E, Elguero E, Arnathau C, Durand P, Aklana J, Anderson TJ, Aubouy A, Balloux F, Besnard P, Bogreau H, Canevale P, D\u2019Alessandro U, Fontenille D, Gamboa D, Jombart T, Le Mire J, Leroy E, Maestre A, Mayxay M, Menard , Musset L, Newton PN, Nkoghe D, Noya O, Ollomo B, Rogier , Veron V, Wide A, Zakeri S, Carme B, Legrand E, Chevillon C, Ayala FJ, Renaud F, Prugnolle F: Multiple independent introductions of Plasmodium falciparum in South America. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA. 2012, 109: 511-516. 10.1073\/pnas.1119058109.","journal-title":"Proc Nat Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2496_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1038\/1901179a0","volume":"190","author":"M Siniscaloco","year":"1961","unstructured":"Siniscaloco M, Bernini L, Latte B, Motulsky AG: Favism and thalassemia in Sardinia and their relationship to malaria. Nature. 1961, 190: 1179-1180. 10.1038\/1901179a0.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2496_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1038\/321744a0","volume":"321","author":"J Flint","year":"1986","unstructured":"Flint J, Hill AV, Bowden DK, Oppenheimer SJ, Sill PR, Serjeantson SW, Bana-Koiri J, Bhatia K, Alpers MP, Boyce AJ, Weatherall DJ, Clegg JB: High frequencies of alpha-thalassemia are the result of natural selection by malaria. Nature. 1986, 321: 744-750. 10.1038\/321744a0.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2496_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V72.1.9.9","volume":"72","author":"AVS Hill","year":"1988","unstructured":"Hill AVS, Bowden DK, O\u2019Shaughnessy DF, Weatherall DJ, Clegg JB: b-thalassemia in Melanesia: association with malaria and characterization of a common variant (IVS1 nt 5 G-C). Blood. 1988, 72: 9-14.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2496_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195174908.003.0024","volume-title":"Genetic Susceptibility to Infectious Diseases","author":"DP Kwiatkowski","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kwiatkowski DP, Luoni G: Malaria. Genetic Susceptibility to Infectious Diseases. Edited by: Kaslow RA, McNicholl JM, Hill AVS. 2008, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 372-386."},{"key":"2496_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2009.01106.x","volume":"31","author":"F Verra","year":"2009","unstructured":"Verra F, Mangang VD, Modiano D: Genetics of susceptibility to Plasmodium falciparum: from classical malaria resistance genes towards genome-wide association studies. Parasite Immun. 2009, 31: 234-253. 10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2009.01106.x.","journal-title":"Parasite Immun"},{"key":"2496_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2010.07.008","volume":"467","author":"C L\u00f3pez","year":"2011","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez C, Saravia C, Gomez A, Hoebeke J, Patarroyo MA: Mechanisms of genetically-based resistance to malaria. Gene. 2011, 467: 1-12.","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"2496_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-10-271","volume":"10","author":"A Driss","year":"2011","unstructured":"Driss A, Hibbert JM, Wilson NO, Iqbal SA, Adamkiewicz TV, Stiles JK: Genetic polymorphisms linked to susceptibility to malaria. Malar J. 2011, 10: 271-10.1186\/1475-2875-10-271.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"2496_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4331","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-01-251348","volume":"115","author":"DJ Weatherall","year":"2010","unstructured":"Weatherall DJ: The inherited diseases of hemoglobin are an emerging global health burden. Blood. 2010, 115: 4331-4336. 10.1182\/blood-2010-01-251348.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2496_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2008.07085.x","volume":"141","author":"DJ Weatherall","year":"2008","unstructured":"Weatherall DJ: Genetic variation and susceptibility to infection: the red cell and malaria. Brit J Haemat. 2008, 141: 276-286. 10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2008.07085.x.","journal-title":"Brit J Haemat"},{"key":"2496_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcmd.2008.12.005","volume":"42","author":"ET Nkhoma","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nkhoma ET, Poole C, Vannappagari V, Hall SA, Beutler E: The global prevalence of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Blood Cells Mol Dis. 2009, 42: 267-278. 10.1016\/j.bcmd.2008.12.005.","journal-title":"Blood Cells Mol Dis"},{"key":"2496_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msl024","volume":"23","author":"BC Verrelli","year":"2006","unstructured":"Verrelli BC, Tishkoff SA, Stone AC, Touchman JW: Contrasting histories of G6PD molecular evolution and malarial resistance in humans and chimpanzees. Molec Biol Evol. 2006, 23: 1592-1601. 10.1093\/molbev\/msl024.","journal-title":"Molec Biol Evol"},{"key":"2496_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2009.06.025","volume":"9","author":"TS MacFie","year":"2009","unstructured":"MacFie TS, Nerrienet E, Bontrop RE, Mundy NI: The action of falciparum malaria on the human and chimpanzee genomes compared: Absence of evidence for a genomic signature of malaria at HBB and G6PD in three subspecies of chimpanzee. Infect Genet Evol. 2009, 9: 1248-1252. 10.1016\/j.meegid.2009.06.025.","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"2496_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msr204","volume":"29","author":"A Demogines","year":"2011","unstructured":"Demogines A, Truong KA, Sawyer SL: Species-specific features of DARC, the primate receptor for Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium knowlesi. Molec Biol Evol. 2011, 29: 445-449.","journal-title":"Molec Biol Evol"},{"key":"2496_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08149","volume":"460","author":"J Tung","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tung J, Primau A, Bouley AJ, Severson TF, Alberts SC, Wray GA: Evolution of a malaria resistance gene in wild primates. Nature. 2009, 460: 388-391.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2496_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1086\/338304","volume":"70","author":"M Currat","year":"2002","unstructured":"Currat M, Trabucher G, Rees D, Perrin P, Harding RM, Clegg JB, Langaney A, Excoffier L: Molecular analysis of the \u03b2-globin gene cluster in the Niokholo Mandenka population reveals a recent origin of the \u03b2S Senegal mutation. Amer J Hum Genet. 2002, 70: 207-223. 10.1086\/338304.","journal-title":"Amer J Hum Genet"},{"key":"2496_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.110.119594","volume":"186","author":"P Ralph","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ralph P, Coop G: Parallel adaptation: one or many waves of advance of an advantageous allele?. Genetics. 2010, 186: 647-668. 10.1534\/genetics.110.119594.","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"2496_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1086\/491748","volume":"77","author":"ET Wood","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wood ET, Stover DA, Slatkin M, Nachman MW, Hammer MF: The \u03b2-globin recombinational hotspot reduces the effects of strong selection around HbC, a recently arisen mutation providing resistance to malaria. Amer J Hum Genet. 2005, 77: 637-642. 10.1086\/491748.","journal-title":"Amer J Hum Genet"},{"key":"2496_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s10038-004-0210-z","volume":"50","author":"J Ohashi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ohashi J, Naka I, Patarapotikul J, Hananantachai H, Brittenham , Looareesuwan S, Clark AG, Tokunaga K: Strong linkage disequilibrium of a HbE variant with the (AT)9(T)5 repeat in the BP1 binding site upstream of the \u03b2-globin gene in the Thai population. J Hum Genet. 2005, 50: 7-11. 10.1007\/s10038-004-0210-z.","journal-title":"J Hum Genet"},{"key":"2496_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1159\/000048600","volume":"53","author":"G Fucharoen","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fucharoen G, Fucharoen S, Sanchaisuriya K, Sae-ung N, Suyasunanond U, Sriwilai , Chinorak P: Frequency distribution and haplotypic heterogeneity of \u03b2E-globin gene among eight minority groups of northeast Thailand. Hum Hered. 2002, 53: 18-22. 10.1159\/000048600.","journal-title":"Hum Hered"},{"key":"2496_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1086\/421330","volume":"74","author":"J Ohashi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ohashi J, Naka I, Patarapotikul J, Hananantachai H, Brittenham G, Looareesuwan S, Clark AG, Tokunaga K: Extended linkage disequilibrium surrounding the hemoglobin E variant due to malarial selection. Amer J Hum Genet. 2004, 74: 1198-1208. 10.1086\/421330.","journal-title":"Amer J Hum Genet"},{"key":"2496_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1061573","volume":"293","author":"SA Tishkoff","year":"2001","unstructured":"Tishkoff SA, Varkonyl R, Cahinhinan N, Abbes S, Argyropoulos G, Destro-Bisol G, Drousiotou A, Dangerfield B, Lefranc G, Loiselet J, Piro A, Stoneking M, Tagarelli A, Tagarelli G, Touma EH, Williams SM, Clark AG: Haplotype diversity and linkage disequilibrium at human G6PD: recent origin of alleles that confer malarial resistance. Science. 2001, 293: 455-462. 10.1126\/science.1061573.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2496_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1017\/S0016672307008944","volume":"90","author":"M Slatkin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Slatkin M: A Bayesian method for jointly estimating allele age and selection intensity. Genet Res. 2008, 90: 129-137.","journal-title":"Genet Res"},{"key":"2496_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1178849","volume":"326","author":"C Louicharoen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Louicharoen C, Patin E, Paul R, Nuchprayoon I, Witoonpanich B, Peerapittayamongkol C, Casademont I, Sura T, Laird NM, Singhasivanon P, Quintana-Murci L, Sakuntabhai A: Positively selected G6PD-Mahidol mutation reduces Plasmodium vivax density in southeast Asian. Science. 2009, 326: 1546-1549. 10.1126\/science.1178849.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2496_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470696705","volume-title":"The Thalassemia Syndromes","author":"DJ Weatherall","year":"2001","unstructured":"Weatherall DJ, Clegg JB: The Thalassemia Syndromes. 2001, Oxford: Blackwell Scientific, 4","edition":"4"},{"key":"2496_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11022","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.24.11022","volume":"88","author":"P Jarolim","year":"1991","unstructured":"Jarolim P, Palek J, Amato D, Hassan K, Sapak P, Nurse GT, Rubin HL, Zhai S, Sahr KE, Liu S-C: Deletion in erythrocyte band 3 gene in malaria\u2013resistant Southeast Asian ovalocytosis. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA. 1991, 88: 11022-11026. 10.1073\/pnas.88.24.11022.","journal-title":"Proc Nat Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2496_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1038\/378564a0","volume":"378","author":"B Genton","year":"1995","unstructured":"Genton B, Al-Yaman F, Mgone CS, Alexander N, Paniu MM, Alpers MP: Ovalocytosis and cerebral malaria. Nature. 1995, 378: 564-565. 10.1038\/378564a0.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2496_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511546259.007","volume-title":"Infectious Disease and Host-Pathogen Evolution","author":"PA Zimmerman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Zimmerman PA: The enigma of Plasmodium vivax malaria and erythrocyte Duffy negativity. Infectious Disease and Host-Pathogen Evolution. Edited by: Dronamraju KR. 2004, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 141-172."},{"key":"2496_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tracli.2010.06.005","volume":"17","author":"O Mercereau-Puijalon","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mercereau-Puijalon O, M\u00e9nard D: Plasmodium vivax and the Duffy antigen: A paradigm revisited. Transfus Clin Biol. 2010, 17: 176-183. 10.1016\/j.tracli.2010.06.005.","journal-title":"Transfus Clin Biol"},{"key":"2496_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197608052950602","volume":"295","author":"LH Miller","year":"1976","unstructured":"Miller LH, Mason SJ, Clyde DF, McGinnis MH: The resistance factor to Plasmodium vivax in blacks. The Duffy-blood-group genotype FyFy. New England J Med. 1976, 295: 302-304. 10.1056\/NEJM197608052950602.","journal-title":"New England J Med"},{"key":"2496_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1086\/302879","volume":"66","author":"MT Hamblin","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hamblin MT, Di Rienzo A: Detection of the signature of natural selection in humans: evidence from the Duffy blood group locus. Amer J Hum Genet. 2000, 66: 1669-1679. 10.1086\/302879.","journal-title":"Amer J Hum Genet"},{"key":"2496_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a004003","volume":"19","author":"S Seixas","year":"2002","unstructured":"Seixas S, Ferrand N, Rocha J: Microsatellite variation and evolution of the human Duffy blood group polymorphism. Molec Biol Evol. 2002, 19: 1802-1806. 10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a004003.","journal-title":"Molec Biol Evol"},{"key":"2496_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13973","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.24.13973","volume":"96","author":"PA Zimmerman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zimmerman PA, Woolley I, Masinde GL, Miller SM, McNamara D, Hazlett F, Mgone CS, Alpers MP, Genton B, Boatin BA, Kazure JW: Emergence of FY*null in a Plasmodium vivax-endemic region of Papua New Guinea. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA. 2009, 96: 13973-13977.","journal-title":"Proc Nat Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2496_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-84622-9_33","volume-title":"Molecular Evolution of the Major Histocompatibility Complex","author":"AVS Hill","year":"1991","unstructured":"Hill AVS: HLA associations with malaria in Africa: some implications for MHC evolution. Molecular Evolution of the Major Histocompatibility Complex. Edited by: Klein J, Klein D. 1991, Berlin: Springer, 403-434."},{"key":"2496_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1420-9101.2003.00635.x","volume":"17","author":"PW Hedrick","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hedrick PW: Estimation of relative fitnesses from relative risk data and the predicted future of haemoglobin alleles S and C. J Evol Biol. 2004, 17: 221-224.","journal-title":"J Evol Biol"},{"key":"2496_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1038\/352595a0","volume":"352","author":"AVS Hill","year":"1991","unstructured":"Hill AVS, Allsopp CEM, Kwiatkowski D, Anstey NM, Twumasi P, Rowe PA, Bennett S, Brewster D, McMichael AJ, Greenwood BM: Common west African HLA antigens are associated with protection from severe malaria. Nature. 1991, 352: 595-600. 10.1038\/352595a0.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2496_CR55","volume-title":"Demographic data for health situation assessment and projections","author":"WHO","year":"1998","unstructured":"WHO: Demographic data for health situation assessment and projections. 1998, Geneva: WHO HST\/HSP"},{"key":"2496_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1038\/35104556","volume":"414","author":"D Modiano","year":"2001","unstructured":"Modiano D, Luoni G, Sirima BS, Simpore J, Verra F, Konate A, Rashtrelli , Oliveri A, Calissano C, Paganotti GM, D\u2019Urbano L, Sanou I, Sawadogo A, Modiano G, Coluzzi M: Haemoglobin C protects against clinical Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Nature. 2001, 414: 305-308. 10.1038\/35104556.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2496_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddm350","volume":"17","author":"D Modiano","year":"2008","unstructured":"Modiano D, Bancone G, Ciminelli BM, Pompei F, Blot I: Haemoglobin S and haemoglobin C: \u2018quick but costly\u2019 versus \u2018slow but gratis\u2019 genetic adaptations to Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Hum Molec Genet. 2008, 17: 789-799.","journal-title":"Hum Molec Genet"},{"key":"2496_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2358","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V96.7.2358","volume":"96","author":"A Agarwal","year":"2000","unstructured":"Agarwal A, Guindo A, Cissoko Y, Taylor TG, Coulibaly D, Kone A, Kayentao K, Djimde A, Plowe CV, Documbo O, Wellems TE, Diallo D: Hemoglobin C associated with protection from severe malaria in the Dogon of Mali, a West African population with a low prevalence of hemoglobin S. Blood. 2000, 96: 2358-2363.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2496_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1660","volume":"37","author":"TN Williams","year":"2005","unstructured":"Williams TN, Mwangi TW, Wambua S, Peto TEA, Weatherall DJ: Negative epistasis between the malaria-protective effects of \u03b1+-thalassemia and the sickle cell trait. Nat Genet. 2005, 37: 1253-1262. 10.1038\/ng1660.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2496_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2220","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.297.20.2220","volume":"297","author":"J May","year":"2007","unstructured":"May J, Evans JA, Timmann C, Ehmen C, Busch W, Thye T, Agbenyega T, Horstmann RD: Hemoglobin variants and disease manifestations in severe falciparum malaria. J Amer Med Assoc. 2007, 297: 2220-2226. 10.1001\/jama.297.20.2220.","journal-title":"J Amer Med Assoc"},{"key":"2496_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21242","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0910840106","volume":"106","author":"BS Penman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Penman BS, Pybus OG, Weatherall DJ, Gupta S: Epistatic interactions between genetic disorders of hemoglobin can explain why the sickle-cell gene is uncommon in the Mediterranean. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA. 2009, 106: 21242-21246. 10.1073\/pnas.0910840106.","journal-title":"Proc Nat Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2496_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3625","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.2011.01408.x","volume":"65","author":"BS Penman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Penman BS, Habib S, Kanchan K, Gupta S: Negative epistasis between a+ thalassaemia and sickle cell trait can explain interpopulation variation in south Asia. Evolution. 2011, 65: 3625-3632. 10.1111\/j.1558-5646.2011.01408.x.","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2496_CR63","volume-title":"Genetics of Populations","author":"PW Hedrick","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hedrick PW: Genetics of Populations. 2011, Boston: Jones and Bartlett, 4","edition":"4"}],"container-title":["Malaria Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1475-2875-11-349.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1475-2875-11-349\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1475-2875-11-349.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]],"date-time":"2024-04-30T15:20:54Z","timestamp":1714490454000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/malariajournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1475-2875-11-349"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,22]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2496"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1475-2875-11-349","relation":{},"ISSN":["1475-2875"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1475-2875","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,22]]},"article-number":"349"}}