{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T11:28:01Z","timestamp":1785842881984,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Malar J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Co-infection with malaria and intestinal parasites such as<jats:italic>Ascaris lumbricoides<\/jats:italic>is common. Malaria parasites induce a pro-inflammatory immune response that contributes to the pathogenic sequelae, such as malarial anaemia, that occur in malaria infection.<jats:italic>Ascaris<\/jats:italic>is known to create an anti-inflammatory immune environment which could, in theory, counteract the anti-malarial inflammatory immune response, minimizing the severity of malarial anaemia. This study examined whether<jats:italic>Ascaris<\/jats:italic>co-infection can minimize the severity of malarial anaemia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data from a randomized controlled trial on the effect of antihelminthic treatment in Nigerian preschool-aged (6\u201359 months) children conducted in 2006\u20132007 were analysed to examine the effect of malaria and<jats:italic>Ascaris<\/jats:italic>co-infection on anaemia severity. Children were enrolled and tested for malaria, helminths and anaemia at baseline, four, and eight months. Six hundred and ninety subjects were analysed in this study. Generalized linear mixed models were used to assess the relationship between infection status and<jats:italic>Ascaris<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>parasite intensity on severity of anaemia, defined as a haemoglobin less than 11 g\/dL.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Malaria prevalence ranged from 35-78% over the course of this study. Of the malaria-infected children, 55% were co-infected with<jats:italic>Ascaris<\/jats:italic>at baseline, 60% were co-infected four months later and 48% were co-infected eight months later, underlining the persistent prevalence of malaria-nematode co-infections in this population. Over the course of the study the percentage of anaemic subjects in the population ranged between 84% at baseline and 77% at the eight-month time point. The odds of being anaemic were four to five times higher in children infected with malaria compared to those without malaria.<jats:italic>Ascaris<\/jats:italic>infection alone did not increase the odds of being anaemic, indicating that malaria was the main cause of anaemia in this population. There was no significant difference in the severity of anaemia between children singly infected with malaria and co-infected with malaria and<jats:italic>Ascaris<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this cohort of Nigerian preschool children, malaria infection was the major contributor to anaemia status.<jats:italic>Ascaris<\/jats:italic>co-infection neither exacerbated nor ameliorated the severity of malarial anaemia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,2]],"date-time":"2013-01-02T15:14:06Z","timestamp":1357139646000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":111,"title":["Ascaris co-infection does not alter malaria-induced anaemia in a cohort of Nigerian preschool children"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Francisca A","family":"Abanyie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Courtney","family":"McCracken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Kirwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00edle F","family":"Molloy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel O","family":"Asaolu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Celia V","family":"Holland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Gutman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tracey J","family":"Lamb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2591_CR1","volume-title":"World malaria report 2011","author":"WHO","year":"2011","unstructured":"WHO: World malaria report 2011. 2011, Geneva: World Health Organization"},{"key":"2591_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)02038-2","volume":"349","author":"RW Snow","year":"1997","unstructured":"Snow RW, Omumbo JA, Lowe B, Molyneux CS, Obiero JO, Palmer A, Weber MW, Pinder M, Nahlen B, Obonyo C, Newbold C, Gupta S, Marsh K: Relation between severe malaria morbidity in children and level of Plasmodium falciparum transmission in Africa. Lancet. 1997, 349: 1650-1654. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)02038-2.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2591_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-7-68","volume":"7","author":"TJ Lamb","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lamb TJ, Langhorne J: The severity of malarial anaemia in Plasmodium chabaudi infections of BALB\/c mice is determined independently of the number of circulating parasites. MalarJ. 2008, 7: 68-10.1186\/1475-2875-7-68.","journal-title":"MalarJ"},{"key":"2591_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2001.65.614","volume":"65","author":"RN Price","year":"2001","unstructured":"Price RN, Simpson JA, Nosten F, Luxemburger C, Hkirjaroen L, ter Kuile F, Chongsuphajaisiddhi T, White NJ: Factors contributing to anemia after uncomplicated falciparum malaria. AmJTrop Med Hyg. 2001, 65: 614-622.","journal-title":"AmJTrop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2591_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2004.10.008","volume":"34","author":"KH Chang","year":"2004","unstructured":"Chang KH, Stevenson MM: Malarial anaemia: mechanisms and implications of insufficient erythropoiesis during blood-stage malaria. Int J Parasitol. 2004, 34: 1501-1516. 10.1016\/j.ijpara.2004.10.008.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"2591_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182099004564","volume":"119","author":"GN Jakeman","year":"1999","unstructured":"Jakeman GN, Saul A, Hogarth WL, Collins WE: Anaemia of acute malaria infections in non-immune patients primarily results from destruction of uninfected erythrocytes. Parasitology. 1999, 119 (Pt 2): 127-133.","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"2591_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-09-018069","volume":"110","author":"AA Lamikanra","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lamikanra AA, Brown D, Potocnik A, Casals-Pascual C, Langhorne J, Roberts DJ: Malarial anemia: of mice and men. Blood. 2007, 110: 18-28. 10.1182\/blood-2006-09-018069.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2591_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2010.09.012","volume":"13","author":"C Dold","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dold C, Holland CV: Ascaris and ascariasis. Microbes Infect. 2011, 13: 632-637. 10.1016\/j.micinf.2010.09.012.","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"2591_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1086\/315830","volume":"182","author":"PJ Cooper","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cooper PJ, Chico ME, Sandoval C, Espinel I, Guevara A, Kennedy MW, Urban JF, Griffin GE, Nutman TB: Human infection with Ascaris lumbricoides is associated with a polarized cytokine response. J Infect Dis. 2000, 182: 1207-1213. 10.1086\/315830.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2591_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1086\/379370","volume":"188","author":"JD Turner","year":"2003","unstructured":"Turner JD, Faulkner H, Kamgno J, Cormont F, Van Snick J, Else KJ, Grencis RK, Behnke JM, Boussinesq M, Bradley JE: Th2 cytokines are associated with reduced worm burdens in a human intestinal helminth infection. J Infect Dis. 2003, 188: 1768-1775. 10.1086\/379370.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2591_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3024.2002.00600.x","volume":"24","author":"SM Geiger","year":"2002","unstructured":"Geiger SM, Massara CL, Bethony J, Soboslay PT, Carvalho OS, Correa-Oliveira R: Cellular responses and cytokine profiles in Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura infected patients. Parasite Immunol. 2002, 24: 499-509. 10.1046\/j.1365-3024.2002.00600.x.","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"key":"2591_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3160","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01228-09","volume":"78","author":"CA Figueiredo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Figueiredo CA, Barreto ML, Rodrigues LC, Cooper PJ, Silva NB, Amorim LD, Alcantara-Neves NM: Chronic intestinal helminth infections are associated with immune hyporesponsiveness and induction of a regulatory network. Infect Immun. 2010, 78: 3160-3167. 10.1128\/IAI.01228-09.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2591_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1086\/586717","volume":"197","author":"JD Turner","year":"2008","unstructured":"Turner JD, Jackson JA, Faulkner H, Behnke J, Else KJ, Kamgno J, Boussinesq M, Bradley JE: Intensity of intestinal infection with multiple worm species is related to regulatory cytokine output and immune hyporesponsiveness. J Infect Dis. 2008, 197: 1204-1212. 10.1086\/586717.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2591_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200939699","volume":"40","author":"LJ Wammes","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wammes LJ, Hamid F, Wiria AE, de Gier B, Sartono E, Maizels RM, Luty AJ, Fillie Y, Brice GT, Supali T, Smits HH, Yazdanbakhsh M: Regulatory T cells in human geohelminth infection suppress immune responses to BCG and Plasmodium falciparum. Eur J Immunol. 2010, 40: 437-442. 10.1002\/eji.200939699.","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"2591_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2010.12.001","volume":"117","author":"I Hagel","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hagel I, Cabrera M, Puccio F, Santaella C, Buvat E, Infante B, Zabala M, Cordero R, Di Prisco MC: Co-infection with Ascaris lumbricoides modulates protective immune responses against Giardia duodenalis in school Venezuelan rural children. Acta Trop. 2011, 117: 189-195. 10.1016\/j.actatropica.2010.12.001.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"2591_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.77.1091","volume":"77","author":"L Brutus","year":"2007","unstructured":"Brutus L, Watier L, Hanitrasoamampionona V, Razanatsoarilala H, Cot M: Confirmation of the protective effect of Ascaris lumbricoides on Plasmodium falciparum infection: results of a randomized trial in Madagascar. AmJTrop Med Hyg. 2007, 77: 1091-1095.","journal-title":"AmJTrop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2591_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2002.66.304","volume":"66","author":"M Nacher","year":"2002","unstructured":"Nacher M, Singhasivanon P, Traore B, Vannaphan S, Gay F, Chindanond D, Franetich JF, Mazier D, Looareesuwan S: Helminth infections are associated with protection from cerebral malaria and increased nitrogen derivatives concentrations in Thailand. AmJTrop Med Hyg. 2002, 66: 304-309.","journal-title":"AmJTrop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2591_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2001.65.834","volume":"65","author":"M Nacher","year":"2001","unstructured":"Nacher M, Singhasivanon P, Silachamroon U, Treeprasertsuk S, Vannaphan S, Traore B, Gay F, Looareesuwan S: Helminth infections are associated with protection from malaria-related acute renal failure and jaundice in Thailand. AmJTrop Med Hyg. 2001, 65: 834-836.","journal-title":"AmJTrop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2591_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-9-20","volume":"9","author":"P Kirwan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kirwan P, Asaolu SO, Molloy SF, Abiona TC, Jackson AL, Holland CV: Patterns of soil-transmitted helminth infection and impact of four-monthly albendazole treatments in preschool children from semi-urban communities in Nigeria: a double-blind placebo-controlled randomised trial. BMC Infect Dis. 2009, 9: 20-10.1186\/1471-2334-9-20.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2591_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-10-277","volume":"10","author":"P Kirwan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kirwan P, Jackson AL, Asaolu SO, Molloy SF, Abiona TC, Bruce MC, Ranford-Cartwright L, SM ON, Holland CV: Impact of repeated four-monthly anthelmintic treatment on Plasmodium infection in preschool children: a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized trial. BMC Infect Dis. 2010, 10: 277-10.1186\/1471-2334-10-277.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2591_CR21","volume-title":"Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System","author":"WHO","year":"2011","unstructured":"WHO:Haemoglobin concentrations for the diagnosis of anaemia and assessment of severity. Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System. 2011, Geneva: World Health Organization,"},{"key":"2591_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2010.02542.x","volume":"15","author":"JL Smith","year":"2010","unstructured":"Smith JL, Brooker S: Impact of hookworm infection and deworming on anaemia in non-pregnant populations: a systematic review. Trop Med Int Health. 2010, 15: 776-795. 10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2010.02542.x.","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"2591_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e8988","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008988","volume":"5","author":"I Carneiro","year":"2010","unstructured":"Carneiro I, Roca-Feltrer A, Griffin JT, Smith L, Tanner M, Schellenberg JA, Greenwood B, Schellenberg D: Age-patterns of malaria vary with severity, transmission intensity and seasonality in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and pooled analysis. PLoS One. 2010, 5: e8988-10.1371\/journal.pone.0008988.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2591_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1996.11813053","volume":"90","author":"JG Tshikuka","year":"1996","unstructured":"Tshikuka JG, Scott ME, Gray-Donald K, Kalumba ON: Multiple infection with Plasmodium and helminths in communities of low and relatively high socio-economic status. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1996, 90: 277-293.","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"2591_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2005.01476.x","volume":"10","author":"E Worrall","year":"2005","unstructured":"Worrall E, Basu S, Hanson K: Is malaria a disease of poverty? A review of the literature. Trop Med Int Health. 2005, 10: 1047-1059. 10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2005.01476.x.","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"2591_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182011001016","volume":"138","author":"HK Green","year":"2011","unstructured":"Green HK, Sousa-Figueiredo JC, Basanez MG, Betson M, Kabatereine NB, Fenwick A, Stothard JR: Anaemia in Ugandan preschool-aged children: the relative contribution of intestinal parasites and malaria. Parasitology. 2011, 138: 1534-1545. 10.1017\/S0031182011001016.","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"2591_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000438","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000438","volume":"8","author":"RJS Magalhaes","year":"2011","unstructured":"Magalhaes RJS, Clements ACA: Mapping the Risk of anaemia in preschool-age children: the contribution of malnutrition, malaria, and helminth infections in West Africa. PLoS Med. 2011, 8: e1000438-10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000438.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2591_CR28","first-page":"220","volume":"11","author":"MU Anah","year":"2008","unstructured":"Anah MU, Ikpeme OE, Etuk IS, Yong KE, Ibanga I, Asuquo BE: Worm infestation and anaemia among pre-school children of peasant farmers in Calabar, Nigeria. Niger J Clin Pract. 2008, 11: 220-224.","journal-title":"Niger J Clin Pract"},{"key":"2591_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e11206","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011206","volume":"5","author":"GC Melo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Melo GC, Reyes-Lecca RC, Vitor-Silva S, Monteiro WM, Martins M, Benzecry SG, Alecrim MG, Lacerda MV: Concurrent helminthic infection protects schoolchildren with Plasmodium vivax from anemia. PLoS One. 2010, 5: e11206-10.1371\/journal.pone.0011206.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2591_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-895R.1","volume":"92","author":"TK Nkuo-Akenji","year":"2006","unstructured":"Nkuo-Akenji TK, Chi PC, Cho JF, Ndamukong KK, Sumbele I: Malaria and helminth co-infection in children living in a malaria endemic setting of mount Cameroon and predictors of anemia. J Parasitol. 2006, 92: 1191-1195. 10.1645\/GE-895R.1.","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"2591_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/130.7.1724","volume":"130","author":"RJ Stoltzfus","year":"2000","unstructured":"Stoltzfus RJ, Chwaya HM, Montresor A, Albonico M, Savioli L, Tielsch JM: Malaria, hookworms and recent fever are related to anemia and iron status indicators in 0- to 5-y old Zanzibari children and these relationships change with age. J Nutr. 2000, 130: 1724-1733.","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"2591_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2053","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-01-0114","volume":"102","author":"C Dufour","year":"2003","unstructured":"Dufour C, Corcione A, Svahn J, Haupt R, Poggi V, Beka\u2019ssy AN, Scime R, Pistorio A, Pistoia V: TNF-\u03b1 and IFN-\u03b3 are overexpressed in the bone marrow of Fanconi anemia patients and TNF-\u03b1 suppresses erythropoiesis in vitro. Blood. 2003, 102: 2053-2059. 10.1182\/blood-2003-01-0114.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2591_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20052398","volume":"203","author":"MA McDevitt","year":"2006","unstructured":"McDevitt MA, Xie J, Shanmugasundaram G, Griffith J, Liu A, McDonald C, Thuma P, Gordeuk VR, Metz CN, Mitchell R, Keefer J, David J, Leng L, Bucala R: A critical role for the host mediator macrophage migration inhibitory factor in the pathogenesis of malarial anemia. J Exp Med. 2006, 203: 1185-1196. 10.1084\/jem.20052398.","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"2591_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3024.2002.00478.x","volume":"24","author":"L Malaguarnera","year":"2002","unstructured":"Malaguarnera L, Imbesi RM, Pignatelli S, Simpore J, Malaguarnera M, Musumeci S: Increased levels of interleukin-12 in Plasmodium falciparum malaria: correlation with the severity of disease. Parasite Immunol. 2002, 24: 387-389. 10.1046\/j.1365-3024.2002.00478.x.","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"key":"2591_CR35","first-page":"45","volume":"26","author":"K Mohan","year":"1998","unstructured":"Mohan K, Stevenson MM: Interleukin-12 corrects severe anemia during blood-stage Plasmodium chabaudi AS in susceptible A\/J mice. Exp Hematol. 1998, 26: 45-52.","journal-title":"Exp Hematol"},{"key":"2591_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1996.54.280","volume":"54","author":"H Burgmann","year":"1996","unstructured":"Burgmann H, Looareesuwan S, Kapiotis S, Viravan C, Vanijanonta S, Hollenstein U, Wiesinger E, Presterl E, Winkler S, Graninger W: Serum levels of erythropoietin in acute Plasmodium falciparum malaria. AmJTrop Med Hyg. 1996, 54: 280-283.","journal-title":"AmJTrop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2591_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0609.1997.tb01690.x","volume":"59","author":"AM el Hassan","year":"1997","unstructured":"el Hassan AM, Saeed AM, Fandrey J, Jelkmann W: Decreased erythropoietin response in Plasmodium falciparum malaria-associated anaemia. Eur J Haematol. 1997, 59: 299-304.","journal-title":"Eur J Haematol"},{"key":"2591_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.1998.18.555","volume":"18","author":"W Jelkmann","year":"1998","unstructured":"Jelkmann W: Proinflammatory cytokines lowering erythropoietin production. J Interferon Cytokine Res. 1998, 18: 555-559. 10.1089\/jir.1998.18.555.","journal-title":"J Interferon Cytokine Res"},{"key":"2591_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1086\/381458","volume":"189","author":"KH Chang","year":"2004","unstructured":"Chang KH, Tam M, Stevenson MM: Modulation of the course and outcome of blood-stage malaria by erythropoietin-induced reticulocytosis. J Infect Dis. 2004, 189: 735-743. 10.1086\/381458.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2591_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3727","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-08-2887","volume":"103","author":"KH Chang","year":"2004","unstructured":"Chang KH, Tam M, Stevenson MM: Inappropriately low reticulocytosis in severe malarial anemia correlates with suppression in the development of late erythroid precursors. Blood. 2004, 103: 3727-3735. 10.1182\/blood-2003-08-2887.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2591_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1086\/314548","volume":"179","author":"C Othoro","year":"1999","unstructured":"Othoro C, Lal AA, Nahlen B, Koech D, Orago AS, Udhayakumar V: A low interleukin-10 tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 ratio is associated with malaria anemia in children residing in a holoendemic malaria region in western Kenya. J Infect Dis. 1999, 179: 279-282. 10.1086\/314548.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2591_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000364","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000364","volume":"5","author":"M Walther","year":"2009","unstructured":"Walther M, Jeffries D, Finney OC, Njie M, Ebonyi A, Deininger S, Lawrence E, Ngwa-Amambua A, Jayasooriya S, Cheeseman IH, Gomez-Escobar N, Okebe J, Conway DJ, Riley EM: Distinct roles for FOXP3 and FOXP3 CD4 T cells in regulating cellular immunity to uncomplicated and severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria. PLoS Pathog. 2009, 5: e1000364-10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000364.","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2591_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2005.08.006","volume":"23","author":"M Walther","year":"2005","unstructured":"Walther M, Tongren JE, Andrews L, Korbel D, King E, Fletcher H, Andersen RF, Bejon P, Thompson F, Dunachie SJ, Edele F, de Souza JB, Sinden RE, Gilbert SC, Riley EM, Hill AV: pregulation of TGF-\u03b2, FOXP3, and CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells correlates with more rapid parasite growth in human malaria infection. Immunity. 2005, 23: 287-296. 10.1016\/j.immuni.2005.08.006.","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2591_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000004","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000004","volume":"4","author":"KN Couper","year":"2008","unstructured":"Couper KN, Blount DG, Wilson MS, Hafalla JC, Belkaid Y, Kamanaka M, Flavell RA, de Souza JB, Riley EM: IL-10 from CD4CD25Foxp3CD127 adaptive regulatory T cells modulates parasite clearance and pathology during malaria infection. PLoS Pathog. 2008, 4: e1000004-10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000004.","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2591_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1102755","volume":"188","author":"Fd Rosario AP","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rosario AP Fd, Lamb T, Spence P, Stephens R, Lang A, Roers A, Muller W, O\u2019Garra A, Langhorne J: IL-27 promotes IL-10 production by effector Th1 CD4+ T cells: a critical mechanism for protection from severe immunopathology during malaria infection. J Immunol. 2012, 188: 1178-1190. 10.4049\/jimmunol.1102755.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2591_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4850","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.9.4850-4856.2003","volume":"71","author":"C Li","year":"2003","unstructured":"Li C, Sanni LA, Omer F, Riley E, Langhorne J: Pathology of Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi infection and mortality in interleukin-10-deficient mice are ameliorated by anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha and exacerbated by anti-transforming growth factor beta antibodies. Infect Immun. 2003, 71: 4850-4856. 10.1128\/IAI.71.9.4850-4856.2003.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2591_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.188.1.39","volume":"188","author":"FM Omer","year":"1998","unstructured":"Omer FM, Riley EM: Transforming growth factor \u03b2 production is inversely correlated with severity of murine malaria infection. J Exp Med. 1998, 188: 39-48. 10.1084\/jem.188.1.39.","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"2591_CR48","first-page":"680","volume":"16","author":"O Ojurongbe","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ojurongbe O, Adegbayi AM, Bolaji OS, Akindele AA, Adefioye OA, Adeyeba OA: Asymptomatic falciparum malaria and intestinal helminths co-infection among school children in Osogbo, Nigeria. J Res Med Sci. 2011, 16: 680-686.","journal-title":"J Res Med Sci"},{"key":"2591_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3101(23)00084-1","volume":"48","author":"AK Leung","year":"2001","unstructured":"Leung AK, Chan KW: Iron deficiency anemia. Adv Pediatr. 2001, 48: 385-408.","journal-title":"Adv Pediatr"},{"key":"2591_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2008.01.008","volume":"122","author":"ME Odunvbun","year":"2008","unstructured":"Odunvbun ME, Okolo AA, Rahimy CM: Newborn screening for sickle cell disease in a Nigerian hospital. Public Health. 2008, 122: 1111-1116. 10.1016\/j.puhe.2008.01.008.","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"2591_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1989.tb24159.x","volume":"565","author":"OO Akinyanju","year":"1989","unstructured":"Akinyanju OO: A profile of sickle cell disease in Nigeria. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1989, 565: 126-136. 10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1989.tb24159.x.","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"2591_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(12)70055-5","volume":"12","author":"SM Taylor","year":"2012","unstructured":"Taylor SM, Parobek CM, Fairhurst RM: Haemoglobinopathies and the clinical epidemiology of malaria: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2012, 12: 457-468. 10.1016\/S1473-3099(12)70055-5.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2591_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/S0027-9684(15)31376-6","volume":"100","author":"B Onankpa","year":"2008","unstructured":"Onankpa B, Airede L, Paul I, Dorcas I: Pattern of pediatric HIV\/AIDS: a five-year experience in a tertiary hospital. J Natl Med Assoc. 2008, 100: 821-825.","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc"},{"key":"2591_CR54","first-page":"409","volume":"20","author":"AA Okechukwu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Okechukwu AA, Okechukwu OI: Prevalence of paediatric HIV infection in Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. Niger J Med. 2011, 20: 409-413.","journal-title":"Niger J Med"}],"container-title":["Malaria Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1475-2875-12-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,4]],"date-time":"2024-05-04T05:39:15Z","timestamp":1714801155000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/malariajournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1475-2875-12-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,2]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2591"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1475-2875-12-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1475-2875"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1475-2875","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 September 2012","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 December 2012","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 January 2013","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"1"}}