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In the current study, distinct response profiles for splenic DCs and regulatory T cell (Treg) responses were assessed to evaluate the effects of a pre-existing <jats:italic>Schistosoma japonicum<\/jats:italic> infection on malaria infection.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Malaria parasitaemia, survival rate, brain histopathology and clinical experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) were assessed in both <jats:italic>Plasmodium berghei<\/jats:italic> ANKA-mono-infected and <jats:italic>S. japonicum-P. berghei<\/jats:italic> ANKA-co-infected mice. Cell surface\/intracellular staining and flow cytometry were used to analyse the level of splenic DC subpopulations, toll-like receptors (TLRs), DC surface molecules, Tregs (CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD25<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>Foxp3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>), IFN-\u03b3\/IL-10-secreting Tregs, and IFN-\u03b3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\/IL-10<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>-Foxp3<jats:sup>-<\/jats:sup>CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells. IFN-\u03b3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 and IL-13 levels were determined in splenocyte supernatants using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The co-infected mice had significantly higher malaria parasitaemia, compared with the mono-infected mice, on days 2, 3, 7 and 8 after <jats:italic>P. berghei<\/jats:italic> ANKA infection. <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic> ono-infected mice had a slightly lower survival rate, while clinical ECM symptoms, and brain pathology, were significantly more severe during the period of susceptibility to ECM. On days 5 and 8 post <jats:italic>P. berghei<\/jats:italic> ANKA infection, co-infected mice had significantly lower levels of CD11c<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD11b<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>, CD11c<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD45R\/B220<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>, CD11c<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>TLR4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>, CD11c<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>TLR9<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>, CD11c<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>MHCII<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>, CD11c<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD86<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>, IFN-\u03b3-secreting Tregs, and IFN-\u03b3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>Foxp3<jats:sup>-<\/jats:sup>CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells in single-cell suspensions of splenocytes when compared with <jats:italic>P. berghei<\/jats:italic> ANKA-mono-infected mice. Co-infected mice also had significantly lower levels of IFN-\u03b3 and higher levels of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 in splenocyte supernatants compared to mono-infected mice. There were no differences in the levels of IL-10-secreting Tregs or IL-10<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>Foxp3<jats:sup>-<\/jats:sup>CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells between co-infected and mono-infected mice.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A Tregs-associated Th2 response plays an important role in protecting against ECM pathology. Pre-existing <jats:italic>S. japonicum<\/jats:italic> infection suppressed TLR ligand-induced DC maturation and had an anti-inflammatory effect during malaria infection not only by virtue of its ability to induce Th2 responses, but also by directly suppressing the ability of DC to produce pro-inflammatory mediators.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-322","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,14]],"date-time":"2013-09-14T02:14:26Z","timestamp":1379124866000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Pre-existing Schistosoma japonicum infection alters the immune response to Plasmodium berghei infection in C57BL\/6 mice"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Mei-lian","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ya-ming","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"En-jie","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ya-jun","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2925_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2004.04.002","volume":"91","author":"M Legesse","year":"2004","unstructured":"Legesse M, Erko B, Balcha F: Increased parasitemia and delayed parasite clearance in Schistosoma mansoni and Plasmodium berghei co-infected mice. 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