{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T01:26:12Z","timestamp":1788830772670,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Malar J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Rapid diagnostic test (RDT) is becoming an alternative way of establishing quickly the diagnosis of malaria infections, by detecting specific malaria antigens in suspected patients\u2019 blood between the China-Myanmar endemic borders areas, towards achieving the National Malaria Elimination programme by 2020. The objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of CareStart\u2122 Malaria Pf\/Pan RDT kit for the diagnosis of malaria infections in suspected patients. Blood examination by microscopy was taken as gold standard to evaluate CareStart\u2122 kit\u2019s sensitivity, specificity and predictive value and corrected with PCR assay.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Overall 126 of 241 (52.28%) malaria cases were detected by microscopy compared to 115 of 241(47.72%) CareStart\u2122 kit and 128 of 241 (53.11%) PCR corrected assay. CareStart\u2122 kit\u2019s sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of malaria were 89.68% and 98.26% respectively, compared to standard microscopy, whereas the sensitivity and specificity for <jats:italic>falciparum<\/jats:italic> malaria were 88.52% and 98.26%, and for <jats:italic>vivax<\/jats:italic> malaria: 90.77% and 100%. The CareStart\u2122 positive predictive values were 98.26% (93.88-99.52%, 95% CI) compared to 100% (96.77-100%, 95% CI) for PCR-corrected, and the negative predictive values of 89.68% (83.15-93.87%, 95% CI) were the same in microscopy as PCR-corrected. The diagnostic accuracy of CareStart\u2122 kit versus microscopy and PCR were 93.78% (89.99-96.19%, 95% CI) and 94.61% (90.99-96.82%, 95% CI) respectively. The likelihood of diagnostic of malaria positive was almost similar between microscopy and CareStart\u2122 kit, with an entropy reduction of 60.0% compared to a weak likelihood of misdiagnosis of 0.10 (0.09-0.12, 95% CI), with an entropy reduction of 36.01%.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The accuracy of CareStart\u2122 kit is comparable to gold standard microscopy in these areas, it is easy to perform and suitable for cross-border diagnosis and monitoring of local or imported malaria patterns by any local health staff in endemic remotes.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,7]],"date-time":"2013-01-07T11:14:47Z","timestamp":1357557287000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Diagnostic performance of CareStart\u2122 malaria HRP2\/pLDH (Pf\/pan) combo test versus standard microscopy on falciparum and vivax malaria between China-Myanmar endemic borders"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Sun","family":"Xiaodong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ernest","family":"Tambo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Chun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Zhibin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deng","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wang","family":"Jian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wang","family":"Jiazhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhou","family":"Xiaonong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2644_CR1","volume-title":"Malaria rapid diagnostic test performance. Results of WHO product testing of malaria RDTs","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2010","unstructured":"World Health Organization: Malaria rapid diagnostic test performance. Results of WHO product testing of malaria RDTs. 2010, Geneva: World Health Organisation"},{"key":"2644_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2008.79.385","volume":"79","author":"ML McMorrow","year":"2008","unstructured":"McMorrow ML, Masanja MI, Abdulla SM, Kahigwa E, Kachur SP: Challenges in routine implementation and quality control of rapid diagnostic tests for malaria-Rufiji District, Tanzania. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2008, 79: 385-390.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2644_CR3","volume-title":"Annual malaria reports","author":"Ministry of Health","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ministry of Health: Annual malaria reports. 2010, Beijing, People\u2019s Republic of China"},{"key":"2644_CR4","volume-title":"Malaria rapid diagnostic test performance. Results of WHO product testing of malaria RDTs: round 1","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2009","unstructured":"World Health Organization: Malaria rapid diagnostic test performance. Results of WHO product testing of malaria RDTs: round 1. 2009, Geneva: World Health Organization"},{"key":"2644_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.15.1.66-78.2002","volume":"15","author":"A Moody","year":"2002","unstructured":"Moody A: Rapid diagnostic tests for malaria parasites. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2002, 15: 66-78. 10.1128\/CMR.15.1.66-78.2002.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"2644_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.77.119","volume":"77","author":"C Wongsrichanalai","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wongsrichanalai C, Barcus MJ, Muth S, Sutamihardja A, Wernsdorfer WH: A review of malaria diagnostic tools: microscopy and rapid diagnostic test (RDT). Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2007, 77: 119-127.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2644_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.76.1092","volume":"76","author":"H Hopkins","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hopkins H, Kambale W, Kamya MR, Staedke SG, Dorsey G, Rosenthal PJ: Comparison of HRP2- and pLDH-based rapid diagnostic tests for malaria with longitudinal follow-up in Kampala, Uganda. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2007, 76: 1092-1097.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2644_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2412","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.8.2412-2417.1999","volume":"37","author":"E Tjitra","year":"1999","unstructured":"Tjitra E, Suprianto S, Dyer M, Currie BJ, Anstey NM: Detection of histidine-rich protein 2 and pan-malarial ICT MALARIA P.v. test antigens after chloroquine treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria does not reliably predict treatment outcome in eastern Indonesia. J Clin Microbiol. 1999, 37: 2412-2417.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2644_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(02)00031-1","volume":"82","author":"DP Mason","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mason DP, Kawamoto F, Lin K, Laoboonchai A, Wongsrichanalai C: A comparison of two rapid field immunochromatographic tests to expert microscopy in the diagnosis of malaria. Acta Trop. 2002, 82: 51-59. 10.1016\/S0001-706X(02)00031-1.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"2644_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-9-171","volume":"9","author":"J Maltha","year":"2010","unstructured":"Maltha J, Gillet P, Bottieau E, Cnops L, van Esbroeck M, Jacobs J: Evaluation of a rapid diagnostic test (CareStart\u2122 malaria HRP-2\/pLDH (Pf\/pan) combo test) for the diagnosis of malaria in a reference setting. Malar J. 2010, 9: 171-10.1186\/1475-2875-9-171.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"2644_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2009.12.001","volume":"113","author":"Z Mekonnen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mekonnen Z, Ali S, Belay G, Suleman S, Chatterjee S: Evaluation of the performance of CareStart\u2122 Malaria Pf\/Pv Combo rapid diagnostic test for the diagnosis of malaria in Jimma, southwestern Ethiopia. Acta Trop. 2010, 113: 285-288. 10.1016\/j.actatropica.2009.12.001.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"2644_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.76.481","volume":"76","author":"A Ratsimbasoa","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ratsimbasoa A, Randriamanantena A, Raherinjafy R, Rasoarilalao N, Menard D: Which malaria rapid test for Madagascar? Field and laboratory evaluation of three tests and expert microscopy of samples from suspected malaria patients in Madagascar. AmJTrop Med Hyg. 2007, 76: 481-485.","journal-title":"AmJTrop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2644_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-8-241","volume":"8","author":"EA Ashley","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ashley EA, Touabi M, Ahrer M, Hutagalung R, Htun K, Luchavez J, Dureza C, Proux S, Leimanis M, Lwin MM, Koscalova A, Comte E, Hamade P, Page AL, Nosten F, Guerin PJ: Evaluation of three parasite lactate dehydrogenase-based rapid diagnostic tests for the diagnosis of falciparum and vivax malaria. Malar J. 2009, 8: 241-10.1186\/1475-2875-8-241.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"2644_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-8-129","volume":"8","author":"P Gillet","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gillet P, Bosselaers K, Cnops L, Bottieau E, Van Esbroeck M, Jacobs J: Evaluation of the SD FK70 malaria Ag plasmodium vivax rapid diagnostic test in a non-endemic setting. Malar J. 2009, 8: 129-10.1186\/1475-2875-8-129.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"2644_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2007.09.014","volume":"102","author":"C Fogg","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fogg C, Twesigye R, Batwala V, Piola P, Nabasumba C, Kiguli J, Mutebi F, Hook C, Guillerm M, Moody A, Guthmann JP: Assessment of three new parasite lactate dehydrogenase (pan-pLDH) test for diagnosis of uncomplicated malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2008, 102: 25-31. 10.1016\/j.trstmh.2007.09.014.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2644_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-142-10-200505170-00009","volume":"142","author":"A Marx","year":"2005","unstructured":"Marx A, Pewsner D, Egger M, Nuesch R, Bucher HC, Genton B, Hatz C, Juni P: Meta-analysis: accuracy of rapid tests for malaria in travelers returning from endemic areas. Ann Intern Med. 2005, 142: 836-846.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2644_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2009.05.014","volume":"111","author":"B Sharew","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sharew B, Legesse M, Animut A, Jima D, Medhin G, Erko B: Evaluation of the performance of CareStart\u2122 malaria Pf\/Pv combo and paracheck Pf\u00ae tests for the diagnosis of malaria in wondo genet, southern Ethiopia. Acta Trop. 2009, 111: 321-324. 10.1016\/j.actatropica.2009.05.014.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"2644_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(02)90092-1","volume":"96","author":"MH Craig","year":"2002","unstructured":"Craig MH, Bredenkamp BL, Williams CH, Rossouw EJ, Kelly VJ, Kleinschmidt I, Martineau A, Henry GF: Field and laboratory comparative evaluation of ten rapid malaria diagnostic tests. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2002, 96: 258-265. 10.1016\/S0035-9203(02)90092-1.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2644_CR19","volume-title":"Determining cost effectiveness of malaria rapid diagnostic tests in rural areas with high prevalence","author":"WHO\/TDR","year":"1996","unstructured":"WHO\/TDR: Determining cost effectiveness of malaria rapid diagnostic tests in rural areas with high prevalence. 1996, Geneva: World Health Organization"},{"key":"2644_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5636","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.12.5636-5643.2004","volume":"42","author":"M Rougemont","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rougemont M, Van Saanen M, Sahli R, Hinrikson HP, Bille J, Jaton K: Detection of four plasmodium species in blood from humans by 18S rRNA gene subunit-based and species-specific real-time PCR assays. J Clin Microbiol. 2004, 42: 5636-5643. 10.1128\/JCM.42.12.5636-5643.2004.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2644_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-11-234","volume":"11","author":"B Moges","year":"2012","unstructured":"Moges B, Amare B, Belyhun Y, Tekeste Z, Gizachew M, Workineh M, Gebrehiwot A, Woldeyohannes D, Mulu A, Kassu A: Comparison of CareStart\u2122 HRP2\/pLDH COMBO rapid malaria test with light microscopy in north-west Ethiopia. Malar J. 2012, 11: 234-10.1186\/1475-2875-11-234.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"2644_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-9-297","volume":"9","author":"RA Ashton","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ashton RA, Takele K, Gezahegn T, Helen C, Damtew Y, Bonnie C, Richard R, Jan HK: Performance of three multi-species rapid diagnostic tests for diagnosis of plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax malaria in oromia regional state. Ethiopia. Malar J. 2010, 9: 297-10.1186\/1475-2875-9-297.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"2644_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1474","volume":"4","author":"D Bell","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bell D, Wongsrichanalai C, Barnwell JW: Ensuring quality and access for malaria diagnosis: how can it be achieved?. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2006, 4: 682-695. 10.1038\/nrmicro1474.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"2644_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00035-07","volume":"21","author":"CK Murray","year":"2008","unstructured":"Murray CK, Gasser RA, Magill AJ, Miller RS: Update on rapid diagnostic testing for malaria. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2008, 21: 97-110. 10.1128\/CMR.00035-07.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"2644_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2005.72.26","volume":"72","author":"N Singh","year":"2005","unstructured":"Singh N, Saxena A: Usefulness of a rapid on-site Plasmodium falciparum diagnosis (Paracheck PF) in forest migrants and among the indigenous population at the site of their occupational activities in central India. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2005, 72: 26-29.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"}],"container-title":["Malaria Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1475-2875-12-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T22:00:32Z","timestamp":1630533632000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/malariajournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1475-2875-12-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,7]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2644"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1475-2875-12-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1475-2875"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1475-2875","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 September 2012","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 December 2012","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 January 2013","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"6"}}