{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T10:11:28Z","timestamp":1790071888250,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Malar J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The successful development of odour-baited trapping systems for mosquitoes depends on the identification of behaviourally active semiochemicals, besides the design and operating principles of such devices. A large variety of 'attractants' has been identified in laboratory investigations, yet few of these increase trap catches in the field. A contained system, intermediate between the laboratory and open field, is presented and previous reports that human foot odour induces behavioural responses of <jats:italic>Anopheles gambiae<\/jats:italic> confirmed.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The response of 3\u20135 day old female <jats:italic>An. gambiae<\/jats:italic> towards odour-baited counterflow geometry traps (MM-X model; American Biophysics Corp., RI) was studied in semi-field (screen house) conditions in western Kenya. Traps were baited with human foot odour (collected on socks), carbon dioxide (CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, 500 ml min<jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup>), ammonia (NH<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>), 1-octen-3-ol, or various combinations thereof. Trap catches were log (x+1) transformed and subjected to Latin square analysis of variance procedures.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Apart from 1-octen-3-ol, all odour baits caused significant (P &lt; 0.05) increases in trap catches over non-baited traps. Foot odour remained behaviourally active for at least 8 days after collection on nylon or cotton sock fabric. A synergistic response (P &lt; 0.001) was observed towards the combination of foot odour and CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, which increased catches of these odours alone by 3.8 and 2.7 times, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>These results are the first to report behavioural responses of an African malaria vector to human foot odour outside the laboratory, and further investigation of fractions and\/or individual chemical components of this odour complex are called for. Semi-field systems offer the prospect of high-throughput screening of candidate kairomones, which may expedite the development of efficient trap-bait systems for this and other African mosquito species.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-5-39","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,16]],"date-time":"2006-05-16T07:06:32Z","timestamp":1147763192000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":94,"title":["Trapping of the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae with odour-baited MM-X traps in semi-field conditions in western Kenya"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Basilio N","family":"Njiru","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang R","family":"Mukabana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Willem","family":"Takken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bart GJ","family":"Knols","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"217_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.44.1.131","volume":"44","author":"W Takken","year":"1999","unstructured":"Takken W, Knols BGJ: Odor-mediated behavior of Afrotropical malaria mosquitoes. 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