{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T18:45:03Z","timestamp":1793040303898,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Malar J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>can cause a diffuse encephalopathy known as cerebral malaria (CM), a major contributor to malaria associated mortality. Despite treatment, mortality due to CM can be as high as 30% while 10% of survivors of the disease may experience short- and long-term neurological complications. The pathogenesis of CM and other forms of severe malaria is multi-factorial and appear to involve cytokine and chemokine homeostasis, inflammation and vascular injury\/repair. Identification of prognostic markers that can predict CM severity will enable development of better intervention.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Postmortem serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were obtained within 2\u20134 hours of death in Ghanaian children dying of CM, severe malarial anemia (SMA), and non-malarial (NM) causes. Serum and CSF levels of 36 different biomarkers (IL-1\u03b2, IL-1ra, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12 (p70), IL-13, IL-15, IL-17, Eotaxin, FGF basic protein, CRP, G-CSF, GM-CSF, IFN-\u03b3, TNF-\u03b1, IP-10, MCP-1 (MCAF), MIP-1\u03b1, MIP-1\u03b2, RANTES, SDF-1\u03b1, CXCL11 (I-TAC), Fas-ligand [Fas-L], soluble Fas [sFas], sTNF-R1 (p55), sTNF-R2 (p75), MMP-9, TGF-\u03b21, PDGF bb and VEGF) were measured and the results compared between the 3 groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>After Bonferroni adjustment for other biomarkers, IP-10 was the only serum biomarker independently associated with CM mortality when compared to SMA and NM deaths. Eight CSF biomarkers (IL-1ra, IL-8, IP-10, PDGFbb, MIP-1\u03b2, Fas-L, sTNF-R1, and sTNF-R2) were significantly elevated in CM mortality group when compared to SMA and NM deaths. Additionally, CSF IP-10\/PDGFbb median ratio was statistically significantly higher in the CM group compared to SMA and NM groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The parasite-induced local cerebral dysregulation in the production of IP-10, 1L-8, MIP-1\u03b2, PDGFbb, IL-1ra, Fas-L, sTNF-R1, and sTNF-R2 may be involved in CM neuropathology, and their immunoassay may have potential utility in predicting mortality in CM.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-6-147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,13]],"date-time":"2007-11-13T19:15:51Z","timestamp":1194981351000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":197,"title":["Cerebrospinal fluid and serum biomarkers of cerebral malaria mortality in Ghanaian children"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Henry B","family":"Armah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nana O","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bismark Y","family":"Sarfo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael D","family":"Powell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent C","family":"Bond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Winston","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew A","family":"Adjei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard K","family":"Gyasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Tettey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edwin K","family":"Wiredu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jon Eric","family":"Tongren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Venkatachalam","family":"Udhayakumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan K","family":"Stiles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9118","key":"452_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)09439-7","volume":"351","author":"JA Kurtzhals","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kurtzhals JA, Adabayeri V, Goka BQ, Akanmori BD, Oliver-Commey JO, Nkrumah FK, Behr C, Hviid L: Low plasma concentrations of interleukin 10 in severe malarial anaemia compared with cerebral and uncomplicated malaria. Lancet. 1998, 351 (9118): 1768-1772. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)09439-7.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"452_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1179\/000349804225003271","volume":"98","author":"BY Sarfo","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sarfo BY, Singh S, Lillard JW, Quarshie A, Gyasi RK, Armah H, Adjei AA, Jolly P, Stiles JK: The cerebral-malaria-associated expression of RANTES, CCR3 and CCR5 in post-mortem tissue samples. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2004, 98 (3): 297-303. 10.1179\/000349804225003271.","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"issue":"7","key":"452_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1179\/136485905X51508","volume":"99","author":"H Armah","year":"2005","unstructured":"Armah H, Dodoo AK, Wiredu EK, Stiles JK, Adjei AA, Gyasi RK, Tettey Y: High-level cerebellar expression of cytokines and adhesion molecules in fatal, paediatric, cerebral malaria. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2005, 99 (7): 629-647. 10.1179\/136485905X51508.","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"issue":"1","key":"452_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph2005010123","volume":"2","author":"H Armah","year":"2005","unstructured":"Armah H, Wired EK, Dodoo AK, Adjei AA, Tettey Y, Gyasi R: Cytokines and adhesion molecules expression in the brain in human cerebral malaria. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2005, 2 (1): 123-131.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"452_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.1086\/508547","volume":"194","author":"GA Awandare","year":"2006","unstructured":"Awandare GA, Goka B, Boeuf P, Tetteh JK, Kurtzhals JA, Behr C, Akanmori BD: Increased levels of inflammatory mediators in children with severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria with respiratory distress. J Infect Dis. 2006, 194 (10): 1438-1446. 10.1086\/508547.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"452_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1742","DOI":"10.1086\/315078","volume":"180","author":"H Brown","year":"1999","unstructured":"Brown H, Turner G, Rogerson S, Tembo M, Mwenechanya J, Molyneux M, Taylor T: Cytokine expression in the brain in human cerebral malaria. J Infect Dis. 1999, 180 (5): 1742-1746. 10.1086\/315078.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"452_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4906(03)00229-1","volume":"24","author":"NH Hunt","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hunt NH, Grau GE: Cytokines: accelerators and brakes in the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria. Trends Immunol. 2003, 24 (9): 491-499. 10.1016\/S1471-4906(03)00229-1.","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"452_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)65136-X","volume":"155","author":"K Silamut","year":"1999","unstructured":"Silamut K, Phu NH, Whitty C, Turner GD, Louwrier K, Mai NT, Simpson JA, Hien TT, White NJ: A quantitative analysis of the microvascular sequestration of malaria parasites in the human brain. Am J Pathol. 1999, 155 (2): 395-410.","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"452_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1038\/nm986","volume":"10","author":"TE Taylor","year":"2004","unstructured":"Taylor TE, Fu WJ, Carr RA, Whitten RO, Mueller JS, Fosiko NG, Lewallen S, Liomba NG, Molyneux ME: Differentiating the pathologies of cerebral malaria by postmortem parasite counts. Nat Med. 2004, 10 (2): 143-145. 10.1038\/nm986.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"452_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1086\/367960","volume":"187","author":"GE Grau","year":"2003","unstructured":"Grau GE, Mackenzie CD, Carr RA, Redard M, Pizzolato G, Allasia C, Cataldo C, Taylor TE, Molyneux ME: Platelet accumulation in brain microvessels in fatal pediatric cerebral malaria. J Infect Dis. 2003, 187 (3): 461-466. 10.1086\/367960.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"452_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2003.tb03135.x","volume":"992","author":"SC Wassmer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wassmer SC, Combes V, Grau GE: Pathophysiology of cerebral malaria: role of host cells in the modulation of cytoadhesion. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003, 992: 30-38.","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"452_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1086\/380761","volume":"189","author":"SC Wassmer","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wassmer SC, Lepolard C, Traore B, Pouvelle B, Gysin J, Grau GE: Platelets reorient Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocyte cytoadhesion to activated endothelial cells. J Infect Dis. 2004, 189 (2): 180-189. 10.1086\/380761.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"452_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-4-63","volume":"4","author":"BY Sarfo","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sarfo BY, Armah HB, Irune I, Adjei AA, Olver CS, Singh S, Lillard JW, Stiles JK: Plasmodium yoelii 17XL infection up-regulates RANTES, CCR1, CCR3 and CCR5 expression, and induces ultrastructural changes in the cerebellum. Malar J. 2005, 4: 63-10.1186\/1475-2875-4-63.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"6","key":"452_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.1086\/315493","volume":"181","author":"MH Deininger","year":"2000","unstructured":"Deininger MH, Kremsner PG, Meyermann R, Schluesener HJ: Differential cellular accumulation of transforming growth factor-beta1, -beta2, and -beta3 in brains of patients who died with cerebral malaria. J Infect Dis. 2000, 181 (6): 2111-2115. 10.1086\/315493.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"452_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(03)00250-9","volume":"142","author":"MH Deininger","year":"2003","unstructured":"Deininger MH, Winkler S, Kremsner PG, Meyermann R, Schluesener HJ: Angiogenic proteins in brains of patients who died with cerebral malaria. J Neuroimmunol. 2003, 142 (1-2): 101-111. 10.1016\/S0165-5728(03)00250-9.","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"452_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2004.01366.x","volume":"10","author":"EN Gitau","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gitau EN, Newton CR: Review Article: blood-brain barrier in falciparum malaria. Trop Med Int Health. 2005, 10 (3): 285-292. 10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2004.01366.x.","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"452_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2990.1999.00188.x","volume":"25","author":"H Brown","year":"1999","unstructured":"Brown H, Hien TT, Day N, Mai NT, Chuong LV, Chau TT, Loc PP, Phu NH, Bethell D, Farrar J, Gatter K, White N, Turner G: Evidence of blood-brain barrier dysfunction in human cerebral malaria. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 1999, 25 (4): 331-340. 10.1046\/j.1365-2990.1999.00188.x.","journal-title":"Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"452_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4811","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.151.9.4811","volume":"151","author":"S de Kossodo","year":"1993","unstructured":"de Kossodo S, Grau GE: Profiles of cytokine production in relation with susceptibility to cerebral malaria. J Immunol. 1993, 151 (9): 4811-4820.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"10","key":"452_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5630","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.10.5630-5637.2004","volume":"72","author":"KE Lyke","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lyke KE, Burges R, Cissoko Y, Sangare L, Dao M, Diarra I, Kone A, Harley R, Plowe CV, Doumbo OK, Sztein MB: Serum levels of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta), IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and IL-12(p70) in Malian children with severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria and matched uncomplicated malaria or healthy controls. Infect Immun. 2004, 72 (10): 5630-5637. 10.1128\/IAI.72.10.5630-5637.2004.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"1","key":"452_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1086\/314548","volume":"179","author":"C Othoro","year":"1999","unstructured":"Othoro C, Lal AA, Nahlen B, Koech D, Orago AS, Udhayakumar V: A low interleukin-10 tumor necrosis factor-alpha ratio is associated with malaria anemia in children residing in a holoendemic malaria region in western Kenya. J Infect Dis. 1999, 179 (1): 279-282. 10.1086\/314548.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"452_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1086\/315857","volume":"182","author":"J May","year":"2000","unstructured":"May J, Lell B, Luty AJ, Meyer CG, Kremsner PG: Plasma interleukin-10:Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha ratio is associated with TNF promoter variants and predicts malarial complications. J Infect Dis. 2000, 182 (5): 1570-1573. 10.1086\/315857.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"452_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/49.4.216","volume":"49","author":"F Esamai","year":"2003","unstructured":"Esamai F, Ernerudh J, Janols H, Welin S, Ekerfelt C, Mining S, Forsberg P: Cerebral malaria in children: serum and cerebrospinal fluid TNF-alpha and TGF-beta levels and their relationship to clinical outcome. J Trop Pediatr. 2003, 49 (4): 216-223. 10.1093\/tropej\/49.4.216.","journal-title":"J Trop Pediatr"},{"issue":"6149","key":"452_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1038\/330664a0","volume":"330","author":"L Schofield","year":"1987","unstructured":"Schofield L, Villaquiran J, Ferreira A, Schellekens H, Nussenzweig R, Nussenzweig V: Gamma interferon, CD8+ T cells and antibodies required for immunity to malaria sporozoites. Nature. 1987, 330 (6149): 664-666. 10.1038\/330664a0.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"9","key":"452_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830220914","volume":"22","author":"SG Vreden","year":"1992","unstructured":"Vreden SG, van den Broek MF, Oettinger MC, Verhave JP, Meuwissen JH, Sauerwein RW: Cytokines inhibit the development of liver schizonts of the malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei in vivo. Eur J Immunol. 1992, 22 (9): 2271-2275. 10.1002\/eji.1830220914.","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"452_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.62.583","volume":"62","author":"F Kobayashi","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kobayashi F, Ishida H, Matsui T, Tsuji M: Effects of in vivo administration of anti-IL-10 or anti-IFN-gamma monoclonal antibody on the host defense mechanism against Plasmodium yoelii yoelii infection. J Vet Med Sci. 2000, 62 (6): 583-587. 10.1292\/jvms.62.583.","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"452_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1086\/506623","volume":"194","author":"CC John","year":"2006","unstructured":"John CC, Opika-Opoka R, Byarugaba J, Idro R, Boivin MJ: Low Levels of RANTES Are Associated with Mortality in Children with Cerebral Malaria. J Infect Dis. 2006, 194 (6): 837-845. 10.1086\/506623.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"452_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4190","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.7.4190-4197.2005","volume":"73","author":"DO Ochiel","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ochiel DO, Awandare GA, Keller CC, Hittner JB, Kremsner PG, Weinberg JB, Perkins DJ: Differential regulation of beta-chemokines in children with Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Infect Immun. 2005, 73 (7): 4190-4197. 10.1128\/IAI.73.7.4190-4197.2005.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"1 Pt 1","key":"452_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1006\/clin.1995.1084","volume":"76","author":"H Burgmann","year":"1995","unstructured":"Burgmann H, Hollenstein U, Wenisch C, Thalhammer F, Looareesuwan S, Graninger W: Serum concentrations of MIP-1 alpha and interleukin-8 in patients suffering from acute Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1995, 76 (1 Pt 1): 32-36. 10.1006\/clin.1995.1084.","journal-title":"Clin Immunol Immunopathol"},{"issue":"10","key":"452_CR29","first-page":"1396","volume":"91","author":"T Were","year":"2006","unstructured":"Were T, Ouma C, Otieno RO, Orago AS, Ong'echa JM, Vulule JM, Keller CC, Perkins DJ: Suppression of RANTES in children with Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Haematologica. 2006, 91 (10): 1396-1399.","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"issue":"3","key":"452_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.61.3.246","volume":"61","author":"JM Farber","year":"1997","unstructured":"Farber JM: Mig and IP-10: CXC chemokines that target lymphocytes. J Leukoc Biol. 1997, 61 (3): 246-257.","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"452_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1086\/338013","volume":"185","author":"S Chaisavaneeyakorn","year":"2002","unstructured":"Chaisavaneeyakorn S, Moore JM, Otieno J, Chaiyaroj SC, Perkins DJ, Shi YP, Nahlen BL, Lal AA, Udhayakumar V: Immunity to placental malaria. III. Impairment of interleukin(IL)-12, not IL-18, and interferon-inducible protein-10 responses in the placental intervillous blood of human immunodeficiency virus\/malaria-coinfected women. J Infect Dis. 2002, 185 (1): 127-131. 10.1086\/338013.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"452_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1086\/378500","volume":"188","author":"AL Suguitan Jr.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Suguitan AL, Leke RG, Fouda G, Zhou A, Thuita L, Metenou S, Fogako J, Megnekou R, Taylor DW: Changes in the levels of chemokines and cytokines in the placentas of women with Plasmodium falciparum malaria. J Infect Dis. 2003, 188 (7): 1074-1082. 10.1086\/378500.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"452_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxg065","volume":"15","author":"PS Hanum","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hanum PS, Hayano M, Kojima S: Cytokine and chemokine responses in a cerebral malaria-susceptible or -resistant strain of mice to Plasmodium berghei ANKA infection: early chemokine expression in the brain. Int Immunol. 2003, 15 (5): 633-640. 10.1093\/intimm\/dxg065.","journal-title":"Int Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"452_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.2174\/156720206776875902","volume":"3","author":"T Hayashi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hayashi T, Deguchi K, Nagotani S, Zhang H, Sehara Y, Tsuchiya A, Abe K: Cerebral ischemia and angiogenesis. Curr Neurovasc Res. 2006, 3 (2): 119-129. 10.2174\/156720206776875902.","journal-title":"Curr Neurovasc Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"452_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.74.1.645-653.2006","volume":"74","author":"SC Wassmer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wassmer SC, Combes V, Candal FJ, Juhan-Vague I, Grau GE: Platelets potentiate brain endothelial alterations induced by Plasmodium falciparum. Infect Immun. 2006, 74 (1): 645-653. 10.1128\/IAI.74.1.645-653.2006.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"2","key":"452_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.2.1180","volume":"176","author":"SC Wassmer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wassmer SC, de Souza JB, Frere C, Candal FJ, Juhan-Vague I, Grau GE: TGF-beta1 released from activated platelets can induce TNF-stimulated human brain endothelium apoptosis: a new mechanism for microvascular lesion during cerebral malaria. J Immunol. 2006, 176 (2): 1180-1184.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"452_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.28.3.564","volume":"28","author":"J Krupinski","year":"1997","unstructured":"Krupinski J, Issa R, Bujny T, Slevin M, Kumar P, Kumar S, Kaluza J: A putative role for platelet-derived growth factor in angiogenesis and neuroprotection after ischemic stroke in humans. Stroke. 1997, 28 (3): 564-573.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"5","key":"452_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3061","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.5.3061-3063.2000","volume":"68","author":"P Kern","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kern P, Dietrich M, Hemmer C, Wellinghausen N: Increased levels of soluble Fas ligand in serum in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Infect Immun. 2000, 68 (5): 3061-3063. 10.1128\/IAI.68.5.3061-3063.2000.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"6","key":"452_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1016\/S1043-4666(05)80011-0","volume":"5","author":"ME Molyneux","year":"1993","unstructured":"Molyneux ME, Engelmann H, Taylor TE, Wirima JJ, Aderka D, Wallach D, Grau GE: Circulating plasma receptors for tumour necrosis factor in Malawian children with severe falciparum malaria. Cytokine. 1993, 5 (6): 604-609. 10.1016\/S1043-4666(05)80011-0.","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"issue":"3","key":"452_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.3.1183-1188.2000","volume":"68","author":"J Matsumoto","year":"2000","unstructured":"Matsumoto J, Kawai S, Terao K, Kirinoki M, Yasutomi Y, Aikawa M, Matsuda H: Malaria infection induces rapid elevation of the soluble Fas ligand level in serum and subsequent T lymphocytopenia: possible factors responsible for the differences in susceptibility of two species of Macaca monkeys to Plasmodium coatneyi infection. Infect Immun. 2000, 68 (3): 1183-1188. 10.1128\/IAI.68.3.1183-1188.2000.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"3","key":"452_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.3.1485-1490.2000","volume":"68","author":"H Helmby","year":"2000","unstructured":"Helmby H, Jonsson G, Troye-Blomberg M: Cellular changes and apoptosis in the spleens and peripheral blood of mice infected with blood-stage Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS. Infect Immun. 2000, 68 (3): 1485-1490. 10.1128\/IAI.68.3.1485-1490.2000.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"7","key":"452_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830270719","volume":"27","author":"R Lucas","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lucas R, Juillard P, Decoster E, Redard M, Burger D, Donati Y, Giroud C, Monso-Hinard C, De Kesel T, Buurman WA, Moore MW, Dayer JM, Fiers W, Bluethmann H, Grau GE: Crucial role of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor 2 and membrane-bound TNF in experimental cerebral malaria. Eur J Immunol. 1997, 27 (7): 1719-1725. 10.1002\/eji.1830270719.","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"452_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)61744-0","volume":"159","author":"PF Piguet","year":"2001","unstructured":"Piguet PF, Kan CD, Vesin C, Rochat A, Donati Y, Barazzone C: Role of CD40-CVD40L in mouse severe malaria. Am J Pathol. 2001, 159 (2): 733-742.","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"issue":"9","key":"452_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1097\/01.LAB.0000028822.94883.8A","volume":"82","author":"PF Piguet","year":"2002","unstructured":"Piguet PF, Kan CD, Vesin C: Role of the tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (TNFR2) in cerebral malaria in mice. Lab Invest. 2002, 82 (9): 1155-1166.","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"issue":"10","key":"452_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5857","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.10.5857-5859.2002","volume":"70","author":"B Stoelcker","year":"2002","unstructured":"Stoelcker B, Hehlgans T, Weigl K, Bluethmann H, Grau GE, Mannel DN: Requirement for tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 expression on vascular cells to induce experimental cerebral malaria. Infect Immun. 2002, 70 (10): 5857-5859. 10.1128\/IAI.70.10.5857-5859.2002.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"3-4","key":"452_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s00251-005-0791-5","volume":"57","author":"T Ohno","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ohno T, Kobayashi F, Nishimura M: Fas has a role in cerebral malaria, but not in proliferation or exclusion of the murine parasite in mice. Immunogenetics. 2005, 57 (3-4): 293-296. 10.1007\/s00251-005-0791-5.","journal-title":"Immunogenetics"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"452_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2005.12.004","volume":"173","author":"SM Potter","year":"2006","unstructured":"Potter SM, Chan-Ling T, Rosinova E, Ball HJ, Mitchell AJ, Hunt NH: A role for Fas-Fas ligand interactions during the late-stage neuropathological processes of experimental cerebral malaria. Journal of Neuroimmunology. 2006, 173 (1-2): 96-10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2005.12.004.","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroimmunology"},{"issue":"12","key":"452_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(05)70247-7","volume":"4","author":"R Idro","year":"2005","unstructured":"Idro R, Jenkins NE, Newton CR: Pathogenesis, clinical features, and neurological outcome of cerebral malaria. Lancet Neurol. 2005, 4 (12): 827-840. 10.1016\/S1474-4422(05)70247-7.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"452_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Severe falciparum malaria. World Health Organization, Communicable Diseases Cluster. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2000, 94 Suppl 1: S1-90.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(00)90300-6"},{"issue":"6","key":"452_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0405221","volume":"78","author":"WS Sheng","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sheng WS, Hu S, Ni HT, Rowen TN, Lokensgard JR, Peterson PK: TNF-alpha-induced chemokine production and apoptosis in human neural precursor cells. J Leukoc Biol. 2005, 78 (6): 1233-1241. 10.1189\/jlb.0405221.","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"issue":"4-5","key":"452_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0684.2003.00030.x","volume":"32","author":"Y Sui","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sui Y, Potula R, Pinson D, Adany I, Li Z, Day J, Buch E, Segebrecht J, Villinger F, Liu Z, Huang M, Narayan O, Buch S: Microarray analysis of cytokine and chemokine genes in the brains of macaques with SHIV-encephalitis. J Med Primatol. 2003, 32 (4-5): 229-239. 10.1034\/j.1600-0684.2003.00030.x.","journal-title":"J Med Primatol"},{"issue":"15","key":"452_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7067","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.15.7067-7077.2001","volume":"75","author":"VC Asensio","year":"2001","unstructured":"Asensio VC, Maier J, Milner R, Boztug K, Kincaid C, Moulard M, Phillipson C, Lindsley K, Krucker T, Fox HS, Campbell IL: Interferon-independent, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120-mediated induction of CXCL10\/IP-10 gene expression by astrocytes in vivo and in vitro. J Virol. 2001, 75 (15): 7067-7077. 10.1128\/JVI.75.15.7067-7077.2001.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"4","key":"452_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.63.4.538","volume":"63","author":"D Galimberti","year":"2006","unstructured":"Galimberti D, Schoonenboom N, Scheltens P, Fenoglio C, Bouwman F, Venturelli E, Guidi I, Blankenstein MA, Bresolin N, Scarpini E: Intrathecal chemokine synthesis in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol. 2006, 63 (4): 538-543. 10.1001\/archneur.63.4.538.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"10","key":"452_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2484","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830271004","volume":"27","author":"F Lahrtz","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lahrtz F, Piali L, Nadal D, Pfister HW, Spanaus KS, Baggiolini M, Fontana A: Chemotactic activity on mononuclear cells in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with viral meningitis is mediated by interferon-gamma inducible protein-10 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1. Eur J Immunol. 1997, 27 (10): 2484-2489. 10.1002\/eji.1830271004.","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"452_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(98)00223-9","volume":"93","author":"SA Kolb","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kolb SA, Sporer B, Lahrtz F, Koedel U, Pfister HW, Fontana A: Identification of a T cell chemotactic factor in the cerebrospinal fluid of HIV-1-infected individuals as interferon-gamma inducible protein 10. J Neuroimmunol. 1999, 93 (1-2): 172-181. 10.1016\/S0165-5728(98)00223-9.","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"}],"container-title":["Malaria Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1475-2875-6-147.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,14]],"date-time":"2023-05-14T18:04:24Z","timestamp":1684087464000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/malariajournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1475-2875-6-147"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,12]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,12]]}},"alternative-id":["452"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1475-2875-6-147","relation":{},"ISSN":["1475-2875"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1475-2875","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 June 2007","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 November 2007","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 November 2007","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"147"}}