{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,5]],"date-time":"2025-10-05T04:33:43Z","timestamp":1759638823051},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Malar J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The objective of this study was to investigate whether the infection of C57BL\/6 mice by <jats:italic>P. berghei<\/jats:italic> ANKA, which causes severe malaria, was modulated by co-infection with <jats:italic>Trypanosoma cruzi<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Groups of C57BL\/6 mice were infected either with <jats:italic>P. berghei<\/jats:italic> ANKA, <jats:italic>T. cruzi<\/jats:italic> strain G, or with both parasites. The presence of parasites was checked by microscopic examination of blood samples. Symptoms of neurological or respiratory disorders, as well as mortality, were registered. Breakdown of the blood brain barrier was determined by injecting the dye Evans blue. Histological sections of the lung were prepared and stained with hematoxilin-eosin.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>All mice infected only with <jats:italic>P. berghei<\/jats:italic> ANKA died within 7\u201311 days post-infection, either with symptoms of cerebral malaria or with respiratory abnormalities. The animals co-infected with <jats:italic>T. cruzi<\/jats:italic> strain G survived longer, without any of the referred to symptoms. Protection against the early death by severe malaria was effective when mice were given <jats:italic>T. cruzi<\/jats:italic> 15 days before <jats:italic>P. berghei<\/jats:italic> inoculation. Breakdown of the blood brain barrier and extensive pulmonary oedema, caused by malaria parasites, were much less pronounced in co-infected mice. The degree of protection to severe malaria and early death, conferred by co-infection with <jats:italic>T. cruzi<\/jats:italic>, was comparable to that conferred by treatment with anti-CD8 antibodies.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Co-infection with <jats:italic>T. cruzi<\/jats:italic> protects C57BL\/6 against the early death by malaria infection, by partially preventing either the breakdown of the blood brain, and cerebral malaria as a consequence, or the pulmonary oedema.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-6-90","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,10]],"date-time":"2007-07-10T06:13:57Z","timestamp":1184048037000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Co-infection with Trypanosoma cruzi protects mice against early death by neurological or pulmonary disorders induced by Plasmodium berghei ANKA"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Claudia M","family":"Egima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silene F","family":"Macedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gisela RS","family":"Sasso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Covarrubias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mauro","family":"Cortez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fernando Y","family":"Maeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabio T","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nobuko","family":"Yoshida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"395_CR1","first-page":"253","volume":"29","author":"AA Buck","year":"1978","unstructured":"Buck AA, Anderson RI, Macrae AA: Epidemiology of poly-parasitism. 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