{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T10:05:52Z","timestamp":1790762752581,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Filaria J"],"DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2883-2-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,6,20]],"date-time":"2003-06-20T06:30:32Z","timestamp":1056090632000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":79,"title":["Evidence against Wolbachia symbiosis in Loa loa"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Helen F","family":"McGarry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ken","family":"Pfarr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gill","family":"Egerton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Achim","family":"Hoerauf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Paul","family":"Akue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Enyong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Wanji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabine L","family":"Kl\u00e4ger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert E","family":"Bianco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nick J","family":"Beeching","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark J","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"10_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4758(99)01533-1","volume":"15","author":"MJ Taylor","year":"1999","unstructured":"Taylor MJ, Hoerauf A: Wolbachia bacteria of filarial nematodes. Parasitol Today. 1999, 15: 437-442. 10.1016\/S0169-4758(99)01533-1.","journal-title":"Parasitol Today"},{"key":"10_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(01)00432-0","volume":"98","author":"C Bandi","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bandi C, Trees AJ, Brattig NW: Wolbachia in filarial nematodes: evolutionary aspects and implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of filarial diseases. Vet Parasitol. 2001, 98: 215-238. 10.1016\/S0304-4017(01)00432-0.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"10_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.2174\/1566524024605662","volume":"2","author":"MJ Taylor","year":"2002","unstructured":"Taylor MJ: A new insight into the pathogenesis of filarial disease. Curr Mol Med. 2002, 2: 299-302.","journal-title":"Curr Mol Med"},{"key":"10_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1097\/00001432-200112000-00011","volume":"14","author":"MJ Taylor","year":"2001","unstructured":"Taylor MJ, Hoerauf A: A new approach to the treatment of filariasis. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2001, 14: 727-731.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10_CR5","first-page":"533","volume":"3","author":"A Hoerauf","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hoerauf A, Adjei O, Buttner DW: Antibiotics for the treatment of onchocerciasis and other filarial infections. Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2002, 3: 533-537.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Investig Drugs"},{"key":"10_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(75)90110-8","volume":"69","author":"DJ McLaren","year":"1975","unstructured":"McLaren DJ, Worms MJ, Laurence BR, Simpson MG: Micro-organisms in filarial larvae (Nematoda). Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1975, 69: 509-514.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2407","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1998.0591","volume":"265","author":"C Bandi","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bandi C, Anderson TJ, Genchi C, Blaxter ML: Phylogeny of Wolbachia in filarial nematodes. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1998, 265: 2407-2413. 10.1098\/rspb.1998.0591.","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"10_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00932419","volume":"81","author":"A Plenge-Bonig","year":"1995","unstructured":"Plenge-Bonig A, Kromer M, Buttner DW: Light and electron microscopy studies on Onchocerca jakutensis and O. flexuosa of red deer show different host-parasite interactions. Parasitol Res. 1995, 81: 66-73.","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"10_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1645\/0022-3395(2002)088[1248:TFEWSI]2.0.CO;2","volume":"88","author":"SR Chirgwin","year":"2002","unstructured":"Chirgwin SR, Porthouse KH, Nowling JM, Klei TR: The filarial endosymbiont Wolbachia sp. is absent from Setaria equina. J Parasitol. 2002, 88: 1248-1250.","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"10_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.191.8.1429","volume":"191","author":"MJ Taylor","year":"2000","unstructured":"Taylor MJ, Cross HF, Bilo K: Inflammatory responses induced by the filarial nematode Brugia malayi are mediated by lipopolysaccharide-like activity from endosymbiotic Wolbachia bacteria. J Exp Med. 2000, 191: 1429-1436. 10.1084\/jem.191.8.1429.","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"10_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(00)01269-7","volume":"2","author":"NW Brattig","year":"2000","unstructured":"Brattig NW, Rathjens U, Ernst M, Geisinger F, Renz A, Tischendorf FW: Lipopolysaccharide-like molecules derived from Wolbachia endobacteria of the filaria Onchocerca volvulus are candidate mediators in the sequence of inflammatory and antiinflammatory responses of human monocytes. Microbes Infect. 2000, 2: 1147-1157. 10.1016\/S1286-4579(00)01269-7.","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"10_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(01)01399-5","volume":"3","author":"NW Brattig","year":"2001","unstructured":"Brattig NW, Buttner DW, Hoerauf A: Neutrophil accumulation around Onchocerca worms and chemotaxis of neutrophils are dependent on Wolbachia endobacteria. Microbes Infect. 2001, 3: 439-446. 10.1016\/S1286-4579(01)01399-5.","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"10_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1068732","volume":"295","author":"A Saint Andre","year":"2002","unstructured":"Saint Andre A, Blackwell NM, Hall LR, Hoerauf A, Brattig NW, Volkmann L, Taylor MJ, Ford L, Hise AG, Lass JH, Diaconu E, Pearlman E: The role of endosymbiotic Wolbachia bacteria in the pathogenesis of river blindness. Science. 2002, 295: 1892-1895. 10.1126\/science.1068732.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI4768","volume":"103","author":"A Hoerauf","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hoerauf A, Nissen-Pahle K, Schmetz C, Henkle-Duhrsen K, Blaxter ML, Buttner DW, Gallin MY, Al-Qaoud KM, Lucius R, Fleischer B: Tetracycline therapy targets intracellular bacteria in the filarial nematode Litomosoides sigmodontis and results in filarial infertility. J Clin Invest. 1999, 103: 11-18.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1080\/11250009909356230","volume":"66","author":"J.W, Jun J.J. Bandi, C. McCall","year":"1999","unstructured":"McCall J.W, Jun J.J. Bandi, C.: Wolbachia and the antifilarial properties of tetracycline. An untold story. Intalian Journal of Zoology. 1999, 66: 7-10.","journal-title":"Intalian Journal of Zoology"},{"key":"10_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)06899-4","volume":"358","author":"HF Cross","year":"2001","unstructured":"Cross HF, Haarbrink M, Egerton G, Yazdanbakhsh M, Taylor MJ: Severe reactions to filarial chemotherapy and release of Wolbachia endosymbionts into blood. Lancet. 2001, 358: 1873-1875. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)06899-4.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1086\/339344","volume":"185","author":"PB Keiser","year":"2002","unstructured":"Keiser PB, Reynolds SM, Awadzi K, Ottesen EA, Taylor MJ, Nutman TB: Bacterial endosymbionts of Onchocerca volvulus in the pathogenesis of posttreatment reactions. J Infect Dis. 2002, 185: 805-811. 10.1086\/339344.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10_CR18","volume-title":"Filaria J","author":"M Boussinesq","year":"2003","unstructured":"Boussinesq M, Gardon J, Gardon-Wendel N, Chippaux J-P: Clinical picture, epidemiology and outcome of Loa-associated serious adverse events related to mass ivermectin treatment of onchocerciasis in Cameroon. Filaria J. 2003"},{"key":"10_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(83)80063-0","volume":"13","author":"WJ Kozek","year":"1983","unstructured":"Kozek WJ, Orihel TC: Ultrastructure of Loa loa microfilaria. Int J Parasitol. 1983, 13: 19-43.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"10_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00926694","volume":"70","author":"M Franz","year":"1984","unstructured":"Franz M, Melles J, Buttner DW: Electron microscope study of the body wall and the gut of adult Loa loa. Z Parasitenkd. 1984, 70: 525-536.","journal-title":"Z Parasitenkd"},{"key":"10_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(87)90010-5","volume":"17","author":"P Weber","year":"1987","unstructured":"Weber P: The fine structure of the female reproductive tract of adult Loa loa. Int J Parasitol. 1987, 17: 927-934. 10.1016\/0020-7519(87)90010-5.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"10_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0707.017747","volume":"7","author":"P Brouqui","year":"2001","unstructured":"Brouqui P, Fournier P, Raoult D.: Doxycycline and eradication of microfilaremia in patients with loiasis. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001, 7: 603-604.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.1997.4168","volume":"86","author":"FS Toure","year":"1997","unstructured":"Toure FS, Bain O, Nerrienet E, Millet P, Wahl G, Toure Y, Doumbo O, Nicolas L, Georges AJ, McReynolds LA, Egwang TG: Detection of Loa loa-specific DNA in blood from occult-infected individuals. Exp Parasitol. 1997, 86: 163-170. 10.1006\/expr.1997.4168.","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"10_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/169.3.686","volume":"169","author":"PA Zimmerman","year":"1994","unstructured":"Zimmerman PA, Guderian RH, Aruajo E, Elson L, Phadke P, Kubofcik J, Nutman TB: Polymerase chain reaction-based diagnosis of Onchocerca volvulus infection: improved detection of patients with onchocerciasis. J Infect Dis. 1994, 169: 686-689.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1998.58.816","volume":"58","author":"P Fischer","year":"1998","unstructured":"Fischer P, Buttner DW, Bamuhiiga J, Williams SA: Detection of the filarial parasite Mansonella streptocerca in skin biopsies by a nested polymerase chain reaction-based assay. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1998, 58: 816-820.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1996.54.357","volume":"54","author":"M Zhong","year":"1996","unstructured":"Zhong M, McCarthy J, Bierwert L, Lizotte-Waniewski M, Chanteau S, Nutman TB, Ottesen EA, Williams SA: A polymerase chain reaction assay for detection of the parasite Wuchereria bancrofti in human blood samples. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1996, 54: 357-363.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2583.2000.00203.x","volume":"9","author":"A Jeyaprakash","year":"2000","unstructured":"Jeyaprakash A, Hoy MA: Long PCR improves Wolbachia DNA amplification: wsp sequences found in 76% of sixty-three arthropod species. Insect Mol Biol. 2000, 9: 393-405. 10.1046\/j.1365-2583.2000.00203.x.","journal-title":"Insect Mol Biol"},{"key":"10_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000007149","volume":"122 Pt 1","author":"M Casiraghi","year":"2001","unstructured":"Casiraghi M, Anderson TJ, Bandi C, Bazzocchi C, Genchi C: A phylogenetic analysis of filarial nematodes: comparison with the phylogeny of Wolbachia endosymbionts. Parasitology. 2001, 122 Pt 1: 93-103. 10.1017\/S0031182000007149.","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3024.1996.d01-10.x","volume":"18","author":"RE Jenkins","year":"1996","unstructured":"Jenkins RE, Taylor MJ, Gilvary N, Bianco AE: Characterization of a secreted antigen of Onchocerca volvulus with host-protective potential. Parasite Immunol. 1996, 18: 29-42. 10.1046\/j.1365-3024.1996.d01-10.x.","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"}],"container-title":["Filaria Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1475-2883-2-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]],"date-time":"2024-09-13T15:22:09Z","timestamp":1726240929000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/filariajournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1475-2883-2-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,5,2]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1475-2883-2-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1475-2883"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1475-2883","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,5,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 March 2003","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 May 2003","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 May 2003","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"9"}}