{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]],"date-time":"2024-10-09T04:23:51Z","timestamp":1728447831589},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,31]],"date-time":"2004-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1104451200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,31]],"date-time":"2004-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1104451200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Filaria J"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n Background<\/jats:title>\n The recombinant antigen Bm<\/jats:italic>R1 has been extensively employed in both ELISA and immunochromatographic rapid dipstick (Brugia Rapid) formats for the specific and sensitive detection of IgG4 antibodies against the lymphatic filarial parasites Brugia malayi<\/jats:italic> and Brugia timori<\/jats:italic>. In sera of individuals infected with Wuchereria bancrofti<\/jats:italic> the IgG4 reactivity to Bm<\/jats:italic>R1 is variable, and cross-reactivity of sera from individuals infected with Onchocerca volvulus<\/jats:italic> or Loa loa<\/jats:italic> was observed only in single cases. In order to characterize the homologs of the Bm<\/jats:italic>R1 antigen in W. bancrofti<\/jats:italic> (Wb-BmR1<\/jats:italic>), O. volvulus<\/jats:italic> (Ov-Bm<\/jats:italic>R1) and L. loa<\/jats:italic> (Ll-Bm<\/jats:italic>R1) the cDNA sequences were identified, the protein expressed and the antibody reactivity of patients' sera was studied.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n Methods<\/jats:title>\n PCR methodology was used to identify the cDNA sequences from cDNA libraries and\/or genomic DNA of W. bancrofti<\/jats:italic>, O. volvulus<\/jats:italic> and L. loa<\/jats:italic>. The clones obtained were sequenced and compared to the cDNA sequence of Bm<\/jats:italic>R1. Ov-Bm<\/jats:italic>R1 and Ll-Bm<\/jats:italic>R1 were expressed in E. coli<\/jats:italic> and tested using an IgG4-ELISA with 262 serum samples from individuals with or without B. malayi<\/jats:italic>, W. bancrofti<\/jats:italic>, O<\/jats:italic>. volvulus<\/jats:italic> and L. loa<\/jats:italic> infections or various other parasitic infections. Bm<\/jats:italic>R1, Ov-Bm<\/jats:italic>R1 and Ll-Bm<\/jats:italic>R1 were also tested for reactivity with the other three IgG subclasses in patients' sera.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n Results<\/jats:title>\n Wb-Bm<\/jats:italic>R1 was found to be identical to Bm<\/jats:italic>R1. Ov-Bm<\/jats:italic>R1 and Ll-Bm<\/jats:italic>R1 were found to be identical to each other and share 99.7% homology with Bm<\/jats:italic>R1. The pattern of IgG4 recognition of all serum samples to Bm<\/jats:italic>R1, Ov-Bm<\/jats:italic>R1 and Ll-Bm<\/jats:italic>R1 were identical. This included weak IgG4 reactivities demonstrated by L. loa<\/jats:italic>- and O. volvulus<\/jats:italic>-infected patients tested with Ov-Bm<\/jats:italic>R1 and Ll-Bm<\/jats:italic>R1 (or Bm<\/jats:italic>R1). With respect to reactivity to other IgG subclasses, sera from O. volvulus<\/jats:italic>- and L. loa<\/jats:italic>-infected patients showed positive reactions (when tested with Bm<\/jats:italic>R1, Ov-Bm<\/jats:italic>R1 or Ll-BmR1 antigens) only with IgG1. No reactivity was observed with IgG2 or with IgG3. Similarly, ELISAs to detect reactivity to other anti-filarial IgG subclasses antibodies showed that sera from individuals infected with B. malayi<\/jats:italic> or W. bancrofti<\/jats:italic> (active infections as well as patients with chronic disease) were positive with Bm<\/jats:italic>R1 only for IgG1 and were negative when tested with IgG2 and with IgG3 subclasses.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n This study demonstrates that homologs of the Bm<\/jats:italic>R1 antigen are present in W. bancrofti<\/jats:italic>, O. volvulus<\/jats:italic> and L. loa<\/jats:italic> and that these antigens are highly conserved. Recognition of this antigen by patients' sera is similar with regard to IgG1, IgG2 and IgG3, but different for IgG4 antibodies. We conclude that the Bm<\/jats:italic>R1 antigen is suitable for detection of IgG4 antibodies in brugian filariasis. However, its homologs are not suitable for IgG4-based diagnosis of other filarial infections.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2883-3-10","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,12]],"date-time":"2005-01-12T20:28:42Z","timestamp":1105561722000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Homologs of the Brugia malayi diagnostic antigen BmR1 are present in other filarial parasites but induce different humoral immune responses"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Rahmah","family":"Noordin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ros Azeana Abdul","family":"Aziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Balachandran","family":"Ravindran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"37_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.2307\/3282638","volume":"76","author":"R Chandrashekar","year":"1990","unstructured":"Chandrashekar R, Yates JA, Weil GJ: Use of parasite antigen detection to monitor macrofilaricidal therapy in Brugia malayi-infected jirds. 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