{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T20:16:55Z","timestamp":1774124215265,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,14]],"date-time":"2006-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1139875200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environ Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Few studies have investigated the independent effects of occupational exposures and smoking on chronic bronchitis and airflow obstruction. We assessed the association between lifetime occupational exposures and airflow obstruction in a cross-sectional survey in an urban-industrial area of Catalonia, Spain.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We interviewed 576 subjects of both sexes aged 20\u201370 years (response rate 80%) randomly selected from census rolls, using the ATS questionnaire. Forced spirometry was performed by 497 subjects according to ATS normative.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Lifetime occupational exposure to dust, gases or fumes was reported by 52% of the subjects (63% in men, 41% in women). Textile industry was the most frequently reported job in relation to these exposures (39%). Chronic cough, expectoration and wheeze were more prevalent in exposed subjects with odds ratios ranging from 1.7 to 2.0 being highest among never-smokers (2.1 to 4.3). Lung function differences between exposed and unexposed subjects were dependent on duration of exposure, but not on smoking habits. Subjects exposed more than 15 years to dusts, gases or fumes had lower lung function values (FEV<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>-80 ml, 95% confidence interval (CI) -186 to 26; MMEF -163 ml, CI -397 to 71; FEV<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\/FVC ratio -1.7%, CI -3.3 to -0.2) than non-exposed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chronic bronchitis symptoms and airflow obstruction are associated with occupational exposures in a population with a high employment in the textile industry. Lung function impairment was related to the duration of occupational exposure, being independent of the effect of smoking.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069x-5-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,17]],"date-time":"2006-02-17T07:45:25Z","timestamp":1140162325000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Occupation, smoking, and chronic obstructive respiratory disorders: a cross sectional study in an industrial area of Catalonia, Spain"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"\u00c1ngeles","family":"Ja\u00e9n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan Paul","family":"Zock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manolis","family":"Kogevinas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Ferrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Albert","family":"Mar\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"68_CR1","volume-title":"Global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease: a collaborative project of the National, Hearth, Lung, and Blood Institute and the World Health Organization","author":"National Heart Lung and Blood Institute and World Health Organization","year":"2001","unstructured":"National Heart Lung and Blood Institute and World Health Organization: Global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease: a collaborative project of the National, Hearth, Lung, and Blood Institute and the World Health Organization. 2001, Bethesda, MD"},{"key":"68_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.45.9.657","volume":"45","author":"PN Lee","year":"1990","unstructured":"Lee PN, Fry JS, Forey BA: Trends in lung cancer, chronic obstructive lung disease, and emphysema death rates for England and Wales 1941\u201385 and their relation to trends in cigarette smoking. Thorax. 1990, 45: 657-665.","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"68_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)07219-4","volume":"349","author":"KM Venables","year":"1997","unstructured":"Venables KM, Chan-Yeung M: Occupational asthma. Lancet. 1997, 349: 1465-1469. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)07219-4.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"68_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-4525-9_5","volume-title":"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","author":"NB Pride","year":"1995","unstructured":"Pride NB, Burrows B: Development of impaired lung function: natural history and risk factors. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Edited by: Carverley P, Pride N. 1995, London: Chapman & Hall, 69-92."},{"key":"68_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.03.00094203","volume":"22","author":"L Trupin","year":"2003","unstructured":"Trupin L, Earnest G, San Pedro M, Balmes JR, Eisner MD, Yelin E, Katz PP, Blanc PD: The occupational burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J. 2003, 22: 462-469. 10.1183\/09031936.03.00094203.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"68_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.167.5.787","volume":"167","author":"J Balmes","year":"2003","unstructured":"Balmes J, Becklake M, Blanc P, Henneberger P, Kreiss K, Mapp C, Milton D, Schwartz D, Toren K, Viegi G: American Thoracic Society Statement: occupational contribution to the burden of airway disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003, 167: 787-797. 10.1164\/rccm.167.5.787.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"68_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/148.1.38","volume":"148","author":"AD Oxman","year":"1993","unstructured":"Oxman AD, Muir DCF, Shannon HS, Stock SR, Hnizdo E, Lange HJ: Occupational dust exposure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A systematic overview of the evidence. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1993, 148: 38-48.","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"68_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.163.7.2004195","volume":"163","author":"JP Zock","year":"2001","unstructured":"Zock JP, Sunyer J, Kogevinas M, Kromhout H, Burney P, Ant\u00f3 JM: Occupation, chronic bronchitis, and lung function in young adults. An international study. Am J Repir Crit Care Med. 2001, 163: 1572-1577.","journal-title":"Am J Repir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"68_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.51.9.947","volume":"51","author":"DJ Hendrick","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hendrick DJ: Occupation and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Thorax. 1996, 51: 947-955.","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"68_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.58.10.663","volume":"58","author":"B Ulvestad","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ulvestad B, Bakke B, Eduard W, Kongerud J, Lund MB: Cumulative exposure to dust causes accelerated decline in lung function in tunnel workers. Occup Environ Med. 2001, 58: 663-669. 10.1136\/oem.58.10.663.","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"68_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.55.5.349","volume":"55","author":"W Post","year":"2000","unstructured":"Post W, Heederik D, Houba R: Decline in lung function related to exposure and selection processes among workers in the grain processing and animal feed industry. Occup Environ Med. 2000, 55: 349-355.","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"68_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.94.07061032","volume":"7","author":"PS Burge","year":"1994","unstructured":"Burge PS: Occupation and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Eur Respir J. 1994, 7: 1032-1034.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"68_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-2896(15)30290-8","volume":"35","author":"A Jaen","year":"1999","unstructured":"Jaen A, Ferrer A, Ormaza I, Rue M, Domingo C, Marin A: Prevalencia de bronquitis cr\u00f3nica, asma, y obstrucci\u00f3n al flujo a\u00e9reo en una zona urbano-industrial de Catalu\u00f1a. (In Spanish, with English summary). Arch Bronconeumol. 1999, 35: 122-128.","journal-title":"Arch Bronconeumol"},{"key":"68_CR14","first-page":"S1","volume":"118","author":"BG Ferris","year":"1978","unstructured":"Ferris BG: Epidemiology standardization project. II. Recommended respiratory disease questionnaires for use with adults and children in epidemiologic research. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1978, 118: S1-S53.","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"68_CR15","first-page":"217","volume":"22","author":"J Roca","year":"1986","unstructured":"Roca J, Sanchis J, Agust\u00ed-Vidal A, Segarra F, Navajas D, Rodriguez-Roisin R, Casan P, Sans S: Spirometric reference values from a Mediterranean population. Bull Eur Physiopathol Respir. 1986, 22: 217-224.","journal-title":"Bull Eur Physiopathol Respir"},{"key":"68_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/136.1.225","volume":"136","author":"American Thoracic Society","year":"1987","unstructured":"American Thoracic Society: Standards for the diagnosis and care of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1987, 136: 225-244.","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"68_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.163.5.2101039","volume":"163","author":"RA Pauwels","year":"2001","unstructured":"Pauwels RA, Buist AS, Calverley PM, Jenkins CR, Hurd SS, GOLD Scientific Committee: Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulomary disease. NHLBI\/WHO Global obstructive lung disease (GOLD) workshop summary. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001, 163: 1256-1276.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"68_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/17.2.397","volume":"17","author":"M Kryzanowski","year":"1988","unstructured":"Kryzanowski M, Kauffmann F: The relation of respiratory symptoms and ventilatory function to moderate occupational exposure in a general population. Int J Epidemiol. 1988, 17: 397-406.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"68_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/19.4.945","volume":"19","author":"D Heederik","year":"1990","unstructured":"Heederik D, Kromhout H, Burema J, Biersteker K, Kromhout D: Occupational exposure and 25-year incidence rate of non-specific lung disease: The Zutphen Study. Int J Epidemiol. 1990, 19: 945-952.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"68_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.157.2.9705029","volume":"157","author":"J Sunyer","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sunyer J, Kogevinas M, Kromhout H, Anto JM, Roca J, Tobias A, Vermeulen R, Payo F, Maldonado JA, Martinez-Moratalla J, Muniozguren N: Pulmonary ventilatory defects and occupational exposures in a population-based study in Spain. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998, 157: 512-517.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"68_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.94.07061048","volume":"7","author":"WK Post","year":"1994","unstructured":"Post WK, Heederik D, Kromhout H, Kromhout D: Occupational exposures estimated by a population specific job exposure matrix and 25 year incidence rate of chronic non-specific lung disease (CNSLD): the Zutphen Study. Eur Respir J. 1994, 7: 1048-1055.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"68_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-3-6","volume":"3","author":"G De Meer","year":"2004","unstructured":"De Meer G, Kerkhof M, Kromhout H, Schouten JP, Heederik D: Interaction of atopy and smoking on respiratory effects of occupational dust exposure: a general population-based study. Environ Health. 2004, 3: 6-10.1186\/1476-069X-3-6.","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"key":"68_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-200009000-00016","volume":"42","author":"A Sobaszek","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sobaszek A, Boulenguez C, Frimat P, Robin H, Haguenoer JM, Edme JL: Acute respiratory effects of exposure to stainless steel and mild steel welding fumes. J Occup Environ Med. 2000, 42: 923-931.","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"68_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.55.3.150","volume":"55","author":"LM Bradshaw","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bradshaw LM, Fishwick D, Slater T, Pearce N: Chronic bronchitis, work related respiratory symptoms, and pulmonary function in welders in New Zealand. Occup Environ Med. 1998, 55: 150-154.","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"68_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0274(199904)35:4<321::AID-AJIM1>3.0.CO;2-L","volume":"35","author":"DC Christiani","year":"1999","unstructured":"Christiani DC, Ye TT, Zhang S, Wegman DH, Eisen EA, Ryan LA, Olenchock SA, Pothier L, Dai HL: Cotton dust and endotoxin exposure and long-term decline in lung function: results of a longitudinal study. Am J Ind Med. 1999, 35: 321-331. 10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0274(199904)35:4<321::AID-AJIM1>3.0.CO;2-L.","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"key":"68_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.10042","volume":"41","author":"XR Wang","year":"2002","unstructured":"Wang XR, Pan LD, Zhang HX, Sun BX, Dai Hl, Christiani DC: Follow-up study of respiratory health of newly-hired female cotton textile workers. Am J Ind Med. 2002, 41: 111-118. 10.1002\/ajim.10042.","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"key":"68_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-200201000-00013","volume":"44","author":"V Schlunssen","year":"2002","unstructured":"Schlunssen V, Schaumburg I, Ebbe T, Mikkelsen AB, Sigsgaard T: Respiratory symptoms and lung function among Danish woodworkers. J Occup Ennviron Med. 2002, 44: 82-98. 10.1097\/00043764-200201000-00013.","journal-title":"J Occup Ennviron Med"},{"key":"68_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.52.1.22","volume":"52","author":"RM Niven","year":"1997","unstructured":"Niven RM, Fletcher AM, Pkickering CAC, Fishwick D, Warburton CJ, Simpson JCG, Francis H, Oldham LA: Chronic bronchitis in textile workers. Thorax. 1997, 52: 22-27.","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"68_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.58.3.160","volume":"58","author":"P Suadicani","year":"2001","unstructured":"Suadicani P, Hein HO, Meyer HW, Gyntelberg F: Exposure to cold and draught, alcohol consumption, and the NS-phenotype are associated with chronic bronchitis: an epidemiological investigation of 3387 men aged 53\u201375 years: the Copenhagen Male Study. Occup Environ Med. 2001, 58: 160-164. 10.1136\/oem.58.3.160.","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"68_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.20154","volume":"47","author":"F De Vocht","year":"2005","unstructured":"De Vocht F, Zock JP, Kromhout H, Sunyer J, Ant\u00f3 JM, Burney P, Kogevinas M: Comparison of self-reported occupational exposure with a job exposure matrix in an international community-based study on asthma. Am J Ind Med. 2005, 47: 434-442. 10.1002\/ajim.20154.","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"key":"68_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.20187","volume":"48","author":"PD Blanc","year":"2005","unstructured":"Blanc PD, Eisner MD, Balmes JR, Trupin L, Yelin EH, Katz PP: Exposure to vapors, gas, dust, or fumes: assessment by a single survey item compared to a detailed exposure battery and a job exposure matrix. Am J Ind Med. 2005, 48: 110-117. 10.1002\/ajim.20187.","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"}],"container-title":["Environmental Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1476-069X-5-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1476-069X-5-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1476-069X-5-2","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1476-069X-5-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,6]],"date-time":"2023-05-06T14:26:50Z","timestamp":1683383210000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ehjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1476-069X-5-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,14]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]}},"alternative-id":["68"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1476-069x-5-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1476-069X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1476-069X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 October 2005","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 February 2006","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 February 2006","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"2"}}