{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T19:04:41Z","timestamp":1791054281339,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>Globally ICUs are encountering emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant pathogens and for some pathogens there are few therapeutic options available.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>Antibiotic in vitro susceptibility data of predominant ICU pathogens during 2000\u20132 were analyzed using data from The Surveillance Network (TSN) Databases in Europe (France, Germany and Italy), Canada, and the United States (US).<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>Oxacillin resistance rates among <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> isolates ranged from 19.7% to 59.4%. Penicillin resistance rates among <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> varied from 2.0% in Germany to as high as 20.2% in the US; however, ceftriaxone resistance rates were comparably lower, ranging from 0% in Germany to 3.4% in Italy. Vancomycin resistance rates among <jats:italic>Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic> were \u2264 4.5%; however, among <jats:italic>Enterococcus faecium<\/jats:italic> vancomycin resistance rates were more frequent ranging from 0.8% in France to 76.3% in the United States. Putative rates of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase (ESBL) production among <jats:italic>Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic> were low, &lt;6% among <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> in the five countries studied. Ceftriaxone resistance rates were generally lower than or similar to piperacillin-tazobactam for most of the <jats:italic>Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic> species examined. Fluoroquinolone resistance rates were generally higher for <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> (6.5% \u2013 13.9%), <jats:italic>Proteus mirabilis<\/jats:italic> (0\u201334.7%), and <jats:italic>Morganella morganii<\/jats:italic> (1.6\u201320.7%) than other <jats:italic>Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic> spp (1.5\u201321.3%). <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> demonstrated marked variation in \u03b2-lactam resistance rates among countries. Imipenem was the most active compound tested against <jats:italic>Acinetobacter<\/jats:italic> spp., based on resistance rates.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>There was a wide distribution in resistance patterns among the five countries. Compared with other countries, Italy showed the highest resistance rates to all the organisms with the exception of <jats:italic>Enterococcus<\/jats:italic> spp., which were highest in the US. This data highlights the differences in resistance encountered in intensive care units in Europe and North America and the need to determine current local resistance patterns by which to guide empiric antimicrobial therapy for intensive care infections.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-0711-3-14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,3]],"date-time":"2004-08-03T06:22:56Z","timestamp":1091514176000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":164,"title":["Emerging resistance among bacterial pathogens in the intensive care unit \u2013 a European and North American Surveillance study (2000\u20132002)"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Mark E","family":"Jones","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah C","family":"Draghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clyde","family":"Thornsberry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James A","family":"Karlowsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel F","family":"Sahm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard P","family":"Wenzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"32_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-134-4-200102200-00014","volume":"134","author":"MH Kollef","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kollef MH, Fraser VJ: Antibiotic resistance in the Intensive Care Unit. 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