{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,14]],"date-time":"2025-06-14T16:04:51Z","timestamp":1749917091437},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Enteric fever is an endemic problem in Nepal and Widal agglutination test is widely used for its diagnosis but a normal baseline titer in healthy population and cutoff values have not been established.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We measured average baseline antibody titers against \"O\" and \"H\" antigens of<jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>serotype<jats:italic>Typhi<\/jats:italic>and \"H\" antigens of serotypes<jats:italic>Paratyphi A<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Paratyphi B<\/jats:italic>among apparently healthy blood donors in Nepal. The antibody titers were measured using Standard Widal Confirmatory Quantitative Tube test.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among the 100 blood samples collected from healthy volunteers, 62 individuals had significant antibody titers (\u2265 1:20) against one of the four antigens against<jats:italic>S. enterica<\/jats:italic>. Among 54 samples with an anti-O titer against serotype<jats:italic>Typhi<\/jats:italic>, 15 and 36 samples had titers of \u2265 1:60 and \u2265 1:40, respectively. A significant proportion (12% of all) had anti-O titer of \u2265 1:80. Similarly, among the 59 samples demonstrating anti-H titers of \u2265 1:20 to<jats:italic>S. enterica<\/jats:italic>serotype<jats:italic>Typhi<\/jats:italic>, 29 had a titer of \u2265 1:80 and 12 had 1:160. For<jats:italic>S. enterica<\/jats:italic>serotypes<jats:italic>Paratyphi A<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>, anti-H titers of \u2265 1:20 were found only in 12% and 3%, respectively, of all samples tested.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>When a single Widal agglutination titer is used for the diagnosis of enteric fever, it will be more appropriate to change the currently used cutoff levels against<jats:italic>S. enterica<\/jats:italic>serotype T<jats:italic>yphi<\/jats:italic>to &gt; 1:80 for anti-O and &gt; 1:160 for anti-H titers for Nepal.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-0711-8-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,8]],"date-time":"2009-01-08T07:13:26Z","timestamp":1231398806000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Distribution of antibody titer against Salmonella enterica among healthy individuals in nepal"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Bharat M","family":"Pokhrel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rajendra","family":"Karmacharya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shyam K","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janak","family":"Koirala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"137_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2006.07.001","volume":"10","author":"BM Pokharel","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pokharel BM, Koirala J, Dahal RK, Mishra SK, Khadga PK, Tuladhar NR: Multidrug-resistant and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Salmonella enterica (serotypes Typhi and Paratyphi A) from blood isolates in Nepal: surveillance of resistance and a search for newer alternatives. 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