{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T22:00:21Z","timestamp":1784757621038,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic> has been strongly associated with chronic gastritis, peptic and duodenal ulcers, and it is a risk factor for gastric cancer. Three major virulence factors of <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> have been described: the vacuolating toxin (VacA), the cytotoxin-associated gene product (CagA) and the adhesion protein BabA2. Since considerable geographic diversity in the prevalence of <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> virulence factors has been reported, the aim of this work was to establish the <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>vacA<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>cagA<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>babA2<\/jats:italic> gene status in 238 adult patients, from a marginal urban area of Mexico, with chronic gastritis.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> was identified in cultures of gastric biopsies by nested PCR. <jats:italic>vacA<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>cagA<\/jats:italic> genes were detected by multiplex PCR, whereas babA2 gene was identified by conventional PCR.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>-positive biopsies were 143 (60.1%). All <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> strains were <jats:italic>vacA<\/jats:italic>\n              <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>; 39.2% were <jats:italic>cagA<\/jats:italic>\n              <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>; 13.3% were <jats:italic>cagA<\/jats:italic>\n              <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n              <jats:italic>babA2<\/jats:italic>\n              <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> and 8.4% were <jats:italic>babA2<\/jats:italic>\n              <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>. Mexican strains examined possessed the <jats:italic>vacA s1, m1<\/jats:italic> (43.4%), <jats:italic>s1, m2<\/jats:italic> (24.5%), <jats:italic>s2, m1<\/jats:italic> (20.3%) and <jats:italic>s2, m2<\/jats:italic> (11.9%) genotypes.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>These results show that the Mexican patients suffering chronic gastritis we have studied had a high incidence of infection by <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>. Forty four percent (63\/143) of the <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> strains analyzed in this work may be considered as highly virulent since they possessed two or three of the virulence markers analyzed: <jats:italic>vacA s1 cagA babA2<\/jats:italic> (9.8%, 14\/143), <jats:italic>vacA s1 babA2<\/jats:italic> (4.9%, 7\/143), and <jats:italic>vacA s1 cagA<\/jats:italic> (29.4%, 42\/143). However, a statistically significant correlation was not observed between <jats:italic>vacAs1<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>cagA<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>babA2<\/jats:italic> virulence markers (\u03c7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> test; P &gt; 0.05).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-0711-8-14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,1]],"date-time":"2009-05-01T06:15:23Z","timestamp":1241158523000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Frequency of vacA, cagA and babA2 virulence markers in Helicobacter pylori strains isolated from Mexican patients with chronic gastritis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Gloria Luz","family":"Paniagua","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Monroy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raymundo","family":"Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salvador","family":"Arroniz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Luis","family":"Cort\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ausencio","family":"Camacho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erasmo","family":"Negrete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Vaca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8390","key":"150_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(84)91816-6","volume":"1","author":"BJ Marshall","year":"1984","unstructured":"Marshall BJ, Warrren JR: Unidentified curved bacilli in the stomach of patients with gastritis and peptic ulceration. 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