{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T12:34:30Z","timestamp":1790339670805,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The frequency of transfer of genes encoding resistance to antimicrobial agents was determined by conjugation in ESBL-producing and\/or fluoroquinolone or aminoglycoside resistant Enterobacteriaceae clinical isolates at a tertiary care center in Lebanon. In addition, the role of <jats:italic>tra<\/jats:italic> genes encoding transferases in mediating conjugation was assessed.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Conjugation experiments were done on 53 ESBL-producing and\/or fluoroquinolone resistant <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> and ESBL-producing <jats:italic>S. sonnei<\/jats:italic> isolates. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing on parent and transconjugant isolates, and PCR amplifications on plasmid extracts of the resistance-encoding genes: <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n              <jats:sub>CTX-M-15<\/jats:sub> with the <jats:italic>ISEcp1<\/jats:italic> insertion sequence, the <jats:italic>aac(6')-lb-cr<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>qnr<\/jats:italic> S genes, as well as <jats:italic>tra<\/jats:italic> encoding transferases genes were done. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was performed to demonstrate whether conjugative isolates are clonal and whether they are linked epidemiologically to a particular source.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Antimicrobial susceptibility testing on transconjugants revealed that 26 out of 53 (49%) ESBL-producing <jats:italic>Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic> were able to transfer antimicrobial resistance to the recipients. Transfer of high-level resistance to the transconjugants encoded by the <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n              <jats:sub>CTX-M-15<\/jats:sub> gene downstream the <jats:italic>ISEcp1<\/jats:italic> insertion sequence against 3rd generation cephalosporins, and of low-level resistance against ciprofloxacin, and variable levels of resistance against aminoglycosides encoded by <jats:italic>aac(6')-lb-cr<\/jats:italic> gene, were observed in transconjugants. <jats:italic>tra<\/jats:italic> encoding transferase genes were detected exclusively in conjugative isolates.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>In conclusion, the frequency of transfer of antimicrobial resistance in non clonal <jats:italic>Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic> at the tertiary care center by conjugation was 49%. Conjugation occurred in isolates expressing the <jats:italic>tra<\/jats:italic> encoding transferase genes. Multiple conjugative strains harboring the plasmid encoded antimicrobial resistant genes were circulating in the medical center. Molecular epidemiology analysis showed that conjugative isolates are neither clonal nor linked to a particular site and transfer of antimicrobial resistance is by horizontal transfer of plasmids.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-0711-9-19","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,20]],"date-time":"2010-07-20T19:02:00Z","timestamp":1279652520000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Frequency of conjugative transfer of plasmid-encoded ISEcp1 - blaCTX-M-15 and aac(6')-lb-cr genes in Enterobacteriaceae at a tertiary care center in Lebanon - role of transferases"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Mohamad","family":"Harajly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-Therese","family":"Khairallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John E","family":"Corkill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George F","family":"Araj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghassan M","family":"Matar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"191_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.1.1-14.2004","volume":"48","author":"R Bonnet","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bonnet R: Growing group of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases: the CTX-M enzymes. Antimicrob.Agents Chemother 2004,48(1):1-14. 10.1128\/AAC.48.1.1-14.2004","journal-title":"Antimicrob.Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"10","key":"191_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3736","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.10.3736-3742.2004","volume":"48","author":"V Leflon-Guibout","year":"2004","unstructured":"Leflon-Guibout V, Jurand C, Bonacorsi S, Espinasse F, Guelfi MC, Duportail F, Heym B, Bingen E, Nicolas-Chanoine MH: Emergence and spread of three clonally related virulent isolates of CTX-M-15-producing Escherichia coli with variable resistance to aminoglycosides and tetracycline in a French geriatric hospital. Antimicrob.Agents Chemother 2004,48(10):3736-3742. 10.1128\/AAC.48.10.3736-3742.2004","journal-title":"Antimicrob.Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"12","key":"191_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.165.12.1430","volume":"165","author":"S Bratu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bratu S, Landman D, Haag R, Recco R, Eramo A, Alam M, Quale J: Rapid spread of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in New York City: a new threat to our antibiotic armamentarium. Arch.Intern.Med 2005,165(12):1430-1435. 10.1001\/archinte.165.12.1430","journal-title":"Arch.Intern.Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"191_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3758","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.10.3758-3764.2004","volume":"48","author":"DA Boyd","year":"2004","unstructured":"Boyd DA, Tyler S, Christianson S, McGeer A, Muller MP, Willey BM, Bryce E, Gardam M, Nordmann P, Mulvey MR: Complete Nucleotide Sequence of a 92-Kilobase Plasmid Harboring the CTX-M-15 Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Involved in an Outbreak in Long-Term-Care Facilities in Toronto, Canada. Antimicrob.Agents Chemother 2004,48(10):3758-64. 10.1128\/AAC.48.10.3758-3764.2004","journal-title":"Antimicrob.Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"10","key":"191_CR5","first-page":"1178","volume":"50","author":"GA Jacoby","year":"2006","unstructured":"Jacoby GA, Walsh KE, Mills DM, Walker VJ, Oh H, Robicsek A, Hooper DC: qnrB, another plasmid-mediated gene for quinolone resistance. 2006,50(10):1178-1182.","journal-title":"qnrB, another plasmid-mediated gene for quinolone resistance"},{"issue":"3","key":"191_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkl309","volume":"58","author":"E Karisik","year":"2006","unstructured":"Karisik E, Ellington MJ, Pike R, Warren RE, Livermore DM, Woodford N: Molecular characterization of plasmids encoding CTX-M-15 beta-lactamases from Escherichia coli strains in the United Kingdom. J.Antimicrob.Chemother 2006,58(3):665-668. 10.1093\/jac\/dkl309","journal-title":"J.Antimicrob.Chemother"},{"issue":"1","key":"191_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1347","volume":"12","author":"A Robicsek","year":"2006","unstructured":"Robicsek A, Strahilevitz J, Jacoby GA, Macielag M, Abbanat D, Park CH: Fluoroquinolone-modifying enzyme: a new adaptation of a common aminoglycoside acetyltransferase. Nat. Med 2006,12(1):83-88. 10.1038\/nm1347","journal-title":"Nat. Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"191_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2008.01964.x","volume":"14","author":"SS Kanj","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kanj SS, Corkill JE, Kanafani ZA, Araj GF, Hart CA, Jaafar R, Matar GM: Molecular characterisation of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. isolates at a tertiary-care centre in Lebanon. Clin.Microbiol.Infect 2008,14(5):501-504. 10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2008.01964.x","journal-title":"Clin.Microbiol.Infect"},{"issue":"9","key":"191_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2938","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.9.2938-2945.2003","volume":"47","author":"L Poirel","year":"2003","unstructured":"Poirel L, Decousser JW, Nordmann P: Insertion sequence ISEcp1B is involved in expression and mobilization of a bla(CTX-M) beta-lactamase gene. Antimicrob.Agents Chemother 2003,47(9):2938-2945. 10.1128\/AAC.47.9.2938-2945.2003","journal-title":"Antimicrob.Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"6","key":"191_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1179\/136485907X193860","volume":"101","author":"GM Matar","year":"2007","unstructured":"Matar GM, Jaafar R, Sabra A, Hart CA, Corkill JE, Dbaibo GS, Araj GF: First detection and sequence analysis of the bla\n                    CTX-M-15\n                  gene in Lebanese isolates of extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing Shigella sonnei . Ann.Trop.Med.Parasitol 2007,101(6):511-517. 10.1179\/136485907X193860","journal-title":"Ann.Trop.Med.Parasitol"},{"issue":"11","key":"191_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3953","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00915-06","volume":"50","author":"CH Park","year":"2003","unstructured":"Park CH, Robicsek A, Jacoby GA, Sahm D, Hooper DC: Prevalence in the United States of aac(6')-Ib-cr Encoding a Ciprofloxacin-Modifying Enzyme. Antimicrob.Agents Chemother 2003,50(11):3953-3955. 10.1128\/AAC.00915-06","journal-title":"Antimicrob.Agents Chemother"},{"key":"191_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkl547","volume":"59","author":"V Cattoir","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cattoir V, Weill FX, Poirel L, Fabre L, Soussy CJ: Nordmann P. Prevalence of qnr genes in Salmonella in Francer. J. Antimicrob. Chemother 2007, 59: 751-754. 10.1093\/jac\/dkl547","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother"},{"key":"191_CR13","first-page":"161","volume":"209","author":"M Saladin","year":"2002","unstructured":"Saladin M, Bao Cao VT, Lambert T, Donay JL, Herrmann JL, Ould-Hocine Z, Verdet C, Delisle F, Philippon A, Arlet G: Diversity of CTX-M L-lactamases and their promoter regions from Enterobacteriaceae isolated in three Parisian hospitals. FEMS Microbiol. Lett 2002, 209: 161-168.","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett"},{"issue":"9","key":"191_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2689","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1991.tb07812.x","volume":"10","author":"U Reygers","year":"1991","unstructured":"Reygers U, Wessel R, Muller H, Hoffmann-Berling H: Endonuclease activity of Escherichia coli DNA helicase I directed against the transfer origin of the F factor. EMBO J 1991,10(9):2689-2694.","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"191_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(88)90609-2","volume":"204","author":"BA Traxler","year":"1998","unstructured":"Traxler BA, Minkley EG Jr: Evidence that DNA helicase I and oriT site-specific nicking are both functions of the F Tral protein. J. Mol. Biol 1998, 204: 205-209. 10.1016\/0022-2836(88)90609-2","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"191_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.162.2.584-590.1985","volume":"162","author":"MM Panicker","year":"1985","unstructured":"Panicker MM, Minkley EG Jr: DNA transfer occurs during a cell surface contact stage of F sex factor-mediated bacterial conjugation. J.Bacteriol 1985,162(2):584-590.","journal-title":"J.Bacteriol"},{"issue":"A","key":"191_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkf240","volume":"50","author":"L Poirel","year":"2002","unstructured":"Poirel L, Gniadkowski M, Nordmann P: Biochemical analysis of the ceftazidime-hydrolysing extended-spectrum-\u03b2-lactamase CTX-M-15 and of its structurally related \u03b2-lactamase CTX-M-3. J. Antimicrob. Chemother 2002,50(A):1031-1034. 10.1093\/jac\/dkf240","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother"},{"issue":"4","key":"191_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkh424","volume":"54","author":"N Woodford","year":"2004","unstructured":"Woodford N, Ward ME, Kaufmann ME, Turton J, Fagan EJ, James D, Johnson AP, Pike R, Warner M, Cheasty T, Pearson A, Harry S, Leach JB, Loughrey A, Lowes JA, Warren RE, Livermore DM: Community and hospital spread of Escherichia coli producing CTX-M extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in the UK. J.Antimicrob.Chemother 2004,54(4):735-743. 10.1093\/jac\/dkh424","journal-title":"J.Antimicrob.Chemother"},{"key":"191_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkl547","volume":"59","author":"Vincent Cattoir","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cattoir Vincent, Weill Francois-Xavier, Poirel Laurent, Fabre Lae\u00a8titia, Soussy Claude-James, Patrice Nordmann: Prevalence of qnr genes in Salmonella in France. J.Antimicrob.Chemother 2007, 59: 751-754. 10.1093\/jac\/dkl547","journal-title":"J.Antimicrob.Chemother"},{"issue":"3","key":"191_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dki245","volume":"56","author":"P Nordmann","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nordmann P, Poirel L: Emergence of plasmid-mediated resistance to quinolones in Enterobacteriaceae. J.Antimicrob.Chemother 2005,56(3):463-469. 10.1093\/jac\/dki245","journal-title":"J.Antimicrob.Chemother"},{"issue":"1","key":"191_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkl213","volume":"58","author":"C Kehrenberg","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kehrenberg C, Friederichs S, de Jong A, Michael GB, Schwarz S: Identification of the plasmid-borne quinolone resistance gene qnrS in Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis. J.Antimicrob.Chemother 2006,58(1):18-22. 10.1093\/jac\/dkl213","journal-title":"J.Antimicrob.Chemother"},{"issue":"9","key":"191_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1009.030969","volume":"10","author":"N Kassis-Chikhani","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kassis-Chikhani N, Vimont S, Asselat K, Trivalle C, Minassian B, Sengelin C, Gautier V, Mathieu D, Dussaix E, Arlet G: CTX-M beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in long-term care facilities, France. Emerg.Infect.Dis 2004,10(9):1697-1698.","journal-title":"Emerg.Infect.Dis"}],"container-title":["Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1476-0711-9-19.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T11:21:23Z","timestamp":1630495283000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ann-clinmicrob.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1476-0711-9-19"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,20]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,12]]}},"alternative-id":["191"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1476-0711-9-19","relation":{},"ISSN":["1476-0711"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1476-0711","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 April 2010","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 July 2010","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 July 2010","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"19"}}