{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T02:46:48Z","timestamp":1790650008216,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Health Geogr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>West Nile virus (WNv) has recently emerged as a health threat to the North American population. After the initial disease outbreak in New York City in 1999, WNv has spread widely and quickly across North America to every contiguous American state and Canadian province, with the exceptions of British Columbia (BC), Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland. In this study we develop models of mosquito population dynamics for <jats:italic>Culex tarsalis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>C. pipiens<\/jats:italic>, and create a spatial risk assessment of WNv prior to its arrival in BC by creating a raster-based mosquito abundance model using basic geographic and temperature data. Among the parameters included in the model are spatial factors determined from the locations of BC Centre for Disease Control mosquito traps (<jats:italic>e.g<\/jats:italic>., distance of the trap from the closest wetland or lake), while other parameters were obtained from the literature. Factors not considered in the current assessment but which could influence the results are also discussed.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Since the model performs much better for <jats:italic>C. tarsalis<\/jats:italic> than for <jats:italic>C. pipiens<\/jats:italic>, the risk assessment is carried out using the output of <jats:italic>C. tarsalis<\/jats:italic> model. The result of the spatially-explicit mosquito abundance model indicates that the Okanagan Valley, the Thompson Region, Greater Vancouver, the Fraser Valley and southeastern Vancouver Island have the highest potential abundance of the mosquitoes. After including human population data, Greater Vancouver, due to its high population density, increases in significance relative to the other areas.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Creating a raster-based mosquito abundance map enabled us to quantitatively evaluate WNv risk throughout BC and to identify the areas of greatest potential risk, prior to WNv introduction. In producing the map important gaps in our knowledge related to mosquito ecology in BC were identified, as well, it became evident that increased efforts in bird and mosquito surveillance are required if more accurate models and maps are to be produced. Access to real time climatic data is the key for developing a real time early warning system for forecasting vector borne disease outbreaks, while including social factors is important when producing a detailed assessment in urban areas.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072x-5-21","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,17]],"date-time":"2006-05-17T07:42:52Z","timestamp":1147851772000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Predicting outbreaks: a spatial risk assessment of West Nile virus in British Columbia"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Kaoru","family":"Tachiiri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Klinkenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunny","family":"Mak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamil","family":"Kazmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"98_CR1","unstructured":"Public Health Agency of Canada: Human Results \u2013 2003 Program: West Nile Virus Neurological Syndromes, West Nile Virus Fever and West Nile Virus Asymptomatic Infection. [http:\/\/dsol-smed.phac-aspc.gc.ca\/wnv3\/map_e.phtml?appname=humanw&season=2003]"},{"key":"98_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3527(03)61005-5","volume":"61","author":"N Komar","year":"2003","unstructured":"Komar N: West Nile virus: epidemiology and ecology in North America. Adv Virus Res. 2003, 61: 185-234.","journal-title":"Adv Virus Res"},{"key":"98_CR3","first-page":"241","volume":"267","author":"MJ Turell","year":"2002","unstructured":"Turell MJ, Sardelis MR, O'Guinn ML, Dohm DJ: Potential vectors of West Nile virus in North America. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2002, 267: 241-252.","journal-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"98_CR4","unstructured":"British Columbia Centre for Disease Control. [http:\/\/www.bccdc.org]"},{"issue":"2","key":"98_CR5","first-page":"283","volume":"39","author":"VE Wagner","year":"1979","unstructured":"Wagner VE, Hill-Rowley R, Narlock SA, Mewson HD: Remote sensing; a rapid and accurate method of data acquisition for a newly formed mosquito control district. Mosq News. 1979, 39 (2): 283-287.","journal-title":"Mosq News"},{"issue":"3","key":"98_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro776","volume":"1","author":"DJ Rogers","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rogers DJ, Randolph SE: Studying the global distribution of infectious diseases using GIS and RS. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2003, 1 (3): 231-237. 10.1038\/nrmicro776.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"98_CR7","unstructured":"Curry P: West Nile Virus in Saskatchewan \u2013 the 2004 Season. Minutes, Western committee on crop pests 44th annual meeting. 72-73. [http:\/\/www.westernforum.org\/WCCP_documents\/2004WCCPMinutes.doc]"},{"key":"98_CR8","unstructured":"BCCDC: Growing degree-days mapping for British Columbia. [http:\/\/maps.bccdc.org\/pdf\/Growing%20Degree%20Days%202005.pdf]"},{"issue":"6","key":"98_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-41.6.1157","volume":"41","author":"JA Ahumada","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ahumada JA, Lapointe D, Samuel MD: Modeling the population dynamics of Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae), along an elevational gradient in Hawaii. J Med Entomol. 2004, 41 (6): 1157-70.","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"issue":"1","key":"98_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-5-17","volume":"5","author":"J Shuai","year":"2006","unstructured":"Shuai J, Buck P, Sockett P, Aramini J, Pollari F: A GIS-driven integrated real-time surveillance pilot system for national West Nile virus dead bird surveillance in Canada. Int J Health Geogr. 2006, 5 (1): 17-10.1186\/1476-072X-5-17.","journal-title":"Int J Health Geogr"},{"issue":"1","key":"98_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-39.1.221","volume":"39","author":"DJ Dohm","year":"2002","unstructured":"Dohm DJ, O'Guinn ML, Turell MJ: Effect of environmental temperature on the ability of Culex pipiens (Diptera:Culicidae) to transmit West Nile virus. J Med Entomol. 2002, 39 (1): 221-225.","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"issue":"4","key":"98_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0704.017409","volume":"7","author":"D Weiss","year":"2001","unstructured":"Weiss D, Carr D, Kellachan J, Tan C, Phillips M, Bresnitz E, Layton M, West Nile Virus Outbreak Response Working Group: Clinical findings of West Nile virus infection in hospitalized patients, New York and New Jersey, 2000. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001, 7 (4): 654-658.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"98_CR13","first-page":"653","volume":"68","author":"GD Huhn","year":"2003","unstructured":"Huhn GD, Sejvar JJ, Montgomery SP, Dworkin MS: West Nlile virus in the United States: an update on an emerging infectious disease. Am Fam Physician. 2003, 68 (4): 653-660.","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"98_CR14","unstructured":"Fitzpatrick T: Forget rainy springs \u2013 Previous year's drought might predict following year's mosquito population. [http:\/\/news-info.wustl.edu\/tips\/page\/normal\/426.html]"},{"issue":"2","key":"98_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/42.2.134","volume":"42","author":"J Shaman","year":"2005","unstructured":"Shaman J, Day JF, Stieglitz M: Drought-induced amplification and epidemic transmission of West Nile virus in southern Florida. J Med Entomol. 2005, 42 (2): 134-141.","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"98_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1461-0248.2003.00533.x","volume":"6","author":"JM Chase","year":"2003","unstructured":"Chase JM, Knight TM: Drought-induced mosquito outbreaks in wetlands. Ecol Lett. 2003, 6: 1017-1024. 10.1046\/j.1461-0248.2003.00533.x.","journal-title":"Ecol Lett"},{"issue":"3","key":"98_CR17","first-page":"471","volume":"7","author":"RP Meyer","year":"1991","unstructured":"Meyer RP, Reisen WK, Milby MM: Influence of vegetation on carbon dioxide trap effectiveness for sampling mosquitoes in the Sierra Nevada foothills of Kern County, California. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1991, 7 (3): 471-475.","journal-title":"J Am Mosq Control Assoc"},{"key":"98_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/56.2.123","volume":"56","author":"AR Barr","year":"1963","unstructured":"Barr AR, Smith TA, Boreham MM, White KE: Evaluation of some factors affecting the efficiency of light traps in collecting mosquitoes. J Econ Entomol. 1963, 56: 123-127.","journal-title":"J Econ Entomol"},{"issue":"1","key":"98_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-3-8","volume":"3","author":"MO Ruiz","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ruiz MO, Tedesco C, McTighe TJ, Austin C, Kitron U: Environmental and social determinants of human risk during a West Nile virus outbreak in the greater Chicago area, 2002. Int J Health Geogr. 2004, 3 (1): 8-10.1186\/1476-072X-3-8.","journal-title":"Int J Health Geogr"},{"issue":"8","key":"98_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1008.031053","volume":"10","author":"M Aquino","year":"2004","unstructured":"Aquino M, Fyfe M, MacDougall L, Remple V: West Nile virus in British Columbia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004, 10 (8): 1499-1501.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"98_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/34.4.430","volume":"34","author":"WK Reisen","year":"1997","unstructured":"Reisen WK, Lothrop HD, Meyer RP: Time of host-seeking by Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae) in California. J Med Entomol. 1997, 34 (4): 430-437.","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"issue":"8","key":"98_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1008.040077","volume":"10","author":"W Reisen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Reisen W, Lothrop H, Chiles R, Madon M, Cossen C, Woods L, Husted S, Kramer V, Edman J: West Nile virus in California. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004, 10 (8): 1369-1378.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"98_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/16.3.180","volume":"16","author":"J Greever","year":"1979","unstructured":"Greever J, Georghiou GP: Computer simulation of control strategies for Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol. 1979, 16 (3): 180-188.","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"98_CR24","unstructured":"Belton P: Mosquito species distributions in British Columbia. [http:\/\/www.sfu.ca\/~belton\/Top14map.pdf]"},{"key":"98_CR25","unstructured":"Belton P: British Columbia mosquitoes as vectors of West Nile virus. [http:\/\/www.sfu.ca\/~belton\/summary.pdf]"},{"key":"98_CR26","unstructured":"BCCDC: Mosquito control. [http:\/\/www.bccdc.org\/content.php?item=207]"},{"key":"98_CR27","unstructured":"Environment Canada: Climatic data online. [http:\/\/www.climate.weatheroffice.ec.gc.ca\/climateData\/canada_e.html]"},{"key":"98_CR28","unstructured":"USGS: Earth Resources Observation and Science. [http:\/\/edc.usgs.gov\/products\/elevation\/gtopo30\/gtopo30.html]"},{"key":"98_CR29","unstructured":"USGS: Patuxent-Bird population studies. [http:\/\/www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov\/]"},{"key":"98_CR30","unstructured":"Terrain Resource Information Management Program. [http:\/\/ilmbwww.gov.bc.ca\/bmgs\/trim\/index.html]"},{"key":"98_CR31","unstructured":"British Columbia Ministry of Sustainable Resource Management. [ftp:\/\/ftp.env.gov.bc.ca\/dist\/arcwhse\/watershed_atlas\/]"},{"issue":"6","key":"98_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/10.6.544","volume":"10","author":"CS Hacker","year":"1973","unstructured":"Hacker CS, Scott DW, Thompson JR: A forecasting model for mosquito population densities. J Med Entomol. 1973, 10 (6): 544-551.","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"98_CR33","first-page":"23","volume":"10","author":"D Juricic","year":"1974","unstructured":"Juricic D, Eno BE, Parikh G: Mathematical modeling of a virus vector: Culex tarsalis. Biomed Sci Instrum. 1974, 10: 23-28.","journal-title":"Biomed Sci Instrum"},{"issue":"2","key":"98_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.2307\/2529503","volume":"32","author":"TE Moon","year":"1976","unstructured":"Moon TE: A statistical model of the dynamics of a mosquito vector (Culex tarsalis) population. Biometrics. 1976, 32 (2): 355-368.","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"98_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/32.2.83","volume":"32","author":"JN Eisenberg","year":"1995","unstructured":"Eisenberg JN, Reisen WK, Spear RC: Dynamic model comparing the bionomics of two isolated Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae) populations: model development. J Med Entomol. 1995, 32 (2): 83-97.","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"issue":"3","key":"98_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/20.3.275","volume":"20","author":"DJ Madder","year":"1983","unstructured":"Madder DJ, Surgeoner GA, Helson BV: Number of generations, egg production, and developmental time of Culex pipiens and Culex restauns (Diptera: Culicidae) in southern Ontario. J Med Entomol. 1983, 20 (3): 275-287.","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"98_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1960.9.321","volume":"9","author":"A Tekle","year":"1960","unstructured":"Tekle A: The physiology of hibernation and its role in the geographical distribution of population of the Culex pipiens complex. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1960, 9: 321-330.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"4","key":"98_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-39.4.640","volume":"39","author":"DJ Dohm","year":"2002","unstructured":"Dohm DJ, Sardelis MR, Turell MJ: Experimental vertical transmission of West Nile virus by Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol. 2002, 39 (4): 640-644.","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"issue":"6","key":"98_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-40.6.743","volume":"40","author":"LB Goddard","year":"2003","unstructured":"Goddard LB, Roth AE, Reisen WK, Scott TW: Vertical transmission of West Nile virus by three California Culex (Diptera: Culicidae) species. J Med Entomol. 2003, 40 (6): 743-746.","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"98_CR40","unstructured":"ESRI Support Center. [http:\/\/support.esri.com\/]"},{"key":"98_CR41","unstructured":"University of California and California State Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources: Integrated Pest Management Program. 2003. How to manage pests -Degree days. [http:\/\/www.ipm.ucdavis.edu\/WEATHER\/ddconcepts.html]"},{"issue":"1","key":"98_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/26.1.10","volume":"26","author":"WK Reisen","year":"1989","unstructured":"Reisen WK, Meyer RP, Shields J, Arbolante C: Population ecology of preimaginal Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae) in Kern County, California. J Med Entomol. 1989, 26 (1): 10-22.","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"issue":"4","key":"98_CR43","first-page":"299","volume":"18","author":"EE Bennington","year":"1958","unstructured":"Bennington EE, Sooter CA, Baer H: The diapause in adult female Culex tarsalis coquillett (Diptera: culicidae). Mosq News. 1958, 18 (4): 299-304.","journal-title":"Mosq News"},{"issue":"8","key":"98_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.4039\/Ent115877-8","volume":"115","author":"DJ Madder","year":"1983","unstructured":"Madder DJ, Surgeoner GA, Helson BV: Induction of diapausein Culex pipiens and Culex restauns (Diptera:Culicidae) in southern Ontario. Can Entom. 1983, 115 (8): 877-883.","journal-title":"Can Entom"},{"issue":"4","key":"98_CR45","first-page":"297","volume":"18","author":"EE Bennington","year":"1958","unstructured":"Bennington EE, Blackmore JS, Sooter CA: Soil temperature and the emergence of Culex tarsalis from hibermation. Mosq News. 1958, 18 (4): 297-298.","journal-title":"Mosq News"},{"key":"98_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1093\/aesa\/56.4.527","volume":"56","author":"DJ Burdick","year":"1963","unstructured":"Burdick DJ, Kardos EH: The age structure and fall, winter and spring populations of Culex tarsalis in Kern County, California. Ann Entomol Soc Am. 1963, 56: 527-535.","journal-title":"Ann Entomol Soc Am"},{"key":"98_CR47","first-page":"65","volume-title":"Vestnik MGU (biol.) (in Russian), Cited via Vinogradova EB: Culex pipiens pipiens mosquitoes: taxonomy, distribution, ecology, physiology, genetics, applied importance and control","author":"NA Tamaria","year":"1966","unstructured":"Tamaria NA: The adult biology of Culex pipiens molestus Forsk. Vestnik MGU (biol.) (in Russian), Cited via Vinogradova EB: Culex pipiens pipiens mosquitoes: taxonomy, distribution, ecology, physiology, genetics, applied importance and control. 1966, Sofia, Bulgaria: PENSOFT Publishers; 2000, 3: 65-75."},{"key":"98_CR48","volume-title":"Principles of Geographical Information Systems","author":"PA Burrough","year":"1998","unstructured":"Burrough PA, McDonnell RA: Principles of Geographical Information Systems. 1998, New York: Oxford University Press"},{"key":"98_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7061(95)00007-B","volume":"67","author":"IOA Odeh","year":"1995","unstructured":"Odeh IOA, McBratney AB, Chittleborough DJ: Further results on prediction of soil properties from terrain attributes: heterotopic cokriging and regression-kriging. Geoderma. 1995, 67: 215-226. 10.1016\/0016-7061(95)00007-B.","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"issue":"2","key":"98_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-2434(01)85006-6","volume":"3","author":"EPJ Boer","year":"2001","unstructured":"Boer EPJ, de Beurs KM, Hartkamp AD: Kriging and thin plate splines for mapping climate variables. Int J Appl Earth Observation and Geoinformation. 2001, 3 (2): 146-154. 10.1016\/S0303-2434(01)85006-6.","journal-title":"Int J Appl Earth Observation and Geoinformation"},{"key":"98_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(2001)040<1060:ACASFI>2.0.CO;2","volume":"40","author":"CH Jarvis","year":"2001","unstructured":"Jarvis CH, Stuart N: A comparison among strategies for interpolating maximum and minimum daily air temperatures. Part1: The selection of \"guiding\" topographic and land cover variables. J Appl Meteorol. 2001, 40: 1060-1074. 10.1175\/1520-0450(2001)040<1060:ACASFI>2.0.CO;2.","journal-title":"J Appl Meteorol"},{"key":"98_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0088(20001130)20:14<1823::AID-JOC566>3.0.CO;2-B","volume":"20","author":"M Ninyerola","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ninyerola M, Pons X, Roure JM: A methodological approach of climatological modeling of air temperature and precipitation through GIS techniques. Int J Climatol. 2000, 20: 1823-1841. 10.1002\/1097-0088(20001130)20:14<1823::AID-JOC566>3.0.CO;2-B.","journal-title":"Int J Climatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"98_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.3733\/hilg.v37n03p073","volume":"37","author":"SF Bailey","year":"1965","unstructured":"Bailey SF, Eliason DA, Hoffmann BL: Flight and dispersal of the mosquito Culex tarsalis Coquillett in the Sacramento Valley of California. Hilgardia. 1965, 37 (3): 73-111.","journal-title":"Hilgardia"},{"key":"98_CR54","volume-title":"Response plans and guidelines for West Nile virus Lakewood, Ohio","author":"Lakewood West Nile Task Force","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lakewood West Nile Task Force: Response plans and guidelines for West Nile virus Lakewood, Ohio. 2003, [http:\/\/www.ci.lakewood.oh.us\/pdf\/WNVfinal.pdf]"},{"issue":"1","key":"98_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0801.010049","volume":"8","author":"J Shaman","year":"2002","unstructured":"Shaman J, Stieglitz M, Stark C, Le Blancq S, Cane M: Using a dynamic hydrology model to predict mosquito abundance in flood and swamp water. Emerg Infect Dis. 2002, 8 (1): 6-13.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"98_CR56","first-page":"22","volume":"16","author":"J Wegbreit","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wegbreit J, Reisen WK: Relationships among weather, mosquito abundance, and encephalitis virus activity in California: Kern County 1990\u201398. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 2000, 16 (1): 22-27.","journal-title":"J Am Mosq Control Assoc"},{"issue":"2","key":"98_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-004-1725-x","volume":"142","author":"PP Marra","year":"2005","unstructured":"Marra PP, Francis CM, Mulvihill RS, Moore FR: The influence of climate on the timing and rate of spring bird migration. Oecologia. 2005, 142 (2): 307-315. 10.1007\/s00442-004-1725-x.","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"issue":"21","key":"98_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12219","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1930548100","volume":"100","author":"PA Cotton","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cotton PA: Avian migration phenology and global climate change. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003, 100 (21): 12219-12222. 10.1073\/pnas.1930548100.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"6835","key":"98_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1038\/35077063","volume":"411","author":"C Both","year":"2001","unstructured":"Both C, Visser ME: Adjustment to climate change is constrained by arrival date in a long-distance migrant bird. Nature. 2001, 411 (6835): 296-298. 10.1038\/35077063.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"98_CR60","unstructured":"Canadian Cooperative Wild Life Health Centre, West Nile Virus Surveillance Program. 2005, [http:\/\/wildlife1.usask.ca\/en\/west_nile_virus\/wnv_home.php]"},{"key":"98_CR61","unstructured":"USGS West Nile Virus Map. [http:\/\/westnilemaps.usgs.gov\/index.html]"},{"key":"98_CR62","unstructured":"Public Health Agency of Canada, West Nile Virus Surveillance Information. [http:\/\/www.phac-aspc.gc.ca\/wnv-vwn\/index.html]"},{"issue":"4","key":"98_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/29.4.582","volume":"29","author":"WK Reisen","year":"1992","unstructured":"Reisen WK, Milby MM, Presser SB, Hardy JL: Ecology of mosquitoes and St. Louis encephalitis virus in the Los Angeles Basin of California, 1987\u20131990. J Med Entomol. 1992, 29 (4): 582-598.","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"98_CR64","volume-title":"Am Mosq Control Assoc Bulletin","author":"EJ Gerberg","year":"1970","unstructured":"Gerberg EJ: Manual for mosquito rearing and experimental techniques. Am Mosq Control Assoc Bulletin. 1970, 5:"},{"key":"98_CR65","first-page":"168","volume-title":"Proc 56th Annu Conf Calif Mosq Vector Control Assoc: 28\u201331","author":"T Miura","year":"1988","unstructured":"Miura T, Takahashi RM: Development and survival rates of immature stages of Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae) in central California rice fields. Proc 56th Annu Conf Calif Mosq Vector Control Assoc: 28\u201331. Edited by: Yoshimura GM, Eiffert AJ. 1988, San Mateo, 168-179."},{"key":"98_CR66","first-page":"133","volume-title":"Proc 55th Annu Conf Calif Mosq Vector Control Assoc: 25\u201328","author":"SS Mead","year":"1987","unstructured":"Mead SS, Conner GE: Temperature-related growth and mortality rates of four mosquito species. Proc 55th Annu Conf Calif Mosq Vector Control Assoc: 25\u201328. Edited by: Yoshimura GM, Eiffert AJ. 1987, 133-137. January ; Sacramento"},{"key":"98_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2311.1938.tb00094.x","volume":"87","author":"B Jobling","year":"1938","unstructured":"Jobling B: On two subspecies of Culex pipiens L. (Diptera). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London. 1938, 87: 193-216.","journal-title":"Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London"},{"key":"98_CR68","first-page":"48","volume":"2","author":"NA Tamaria","year":"1966","unstructured":"Tamaria NA: The developmental cycle of Culex pipiens molestus Forsk. Vestnik MGU (biol.)(in Russian) Cited via Vinogradova EB 2000 (see 47th citation). 1966, 2: 48-56.","journal-title":"Vestnik MGU (biol.)(in Russian) Cited via Vinogradova EB 2000 (see 47th citation)"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Health Geographics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1476-072X-5-21.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T01:16:26Z","timestamp":1630458986000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ij-healthgeographics.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1476-072X-5-21"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,16]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]}},"alternative-id":["98"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1476-072x-5-21","relation":{},"ISSN":["1476-072X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1476-072X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 February 2006","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 May 2006","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 May 2006","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"21"}}