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Mutation of these sites attenuated activation of the <jats:italic>VEGF<\/jats:italic> promoter by the androgen analog, R1881 in prostate cancer cells. The transcription factors AR and Sp1 were shown to form a nuclear complex and both bound the <jats:italic>VEGF<\/jats:italic> core promoter in chromatin of hormone treated CWR22Rv1 prostate cancer cells. The importance of the Sp1 binding site in hormone mediated activation of VEGF expression was demonstrated by site directed mutagenesis. Mutation of a critical Sp1 binding site (Sp1.4) in the <jats:italic>VEGF<\/jats:italic> core promoter region prevented activation by androgen. Similarly, suppression of Sp1 binding by Mithramycin A treatment significantly reduced <jats:italic>VEGF<\/jats:italic> expression.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Our mechanistic study of androgen mediated induction of VEGF expression in prostate cancer cells revealed for the first time that this induction is mediated through the core promoter region and is dependent upon a critical Sp1 binding site. The importance of Sp1 binding suggests that therapy targeting the AR-Sp1 complex may dampen VEGF induced angiogenesis and, thereby, block prostate cancer progression, helping to maintain the indolent form of prostate cancer.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-4598-12-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,1]],"date-time":"2013-02-01T15:30:51Z","timestamp":1359732651000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":88,"title":["Androgen up-regulates vascular endothelial growth factor expression in prostate cancer cells via an Sp1 binding site"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Kurtis","family":"Eisermann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carly J","family":"Broderick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anton","family":"Bazarov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mustafa M","family":"Moazam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gail C","family":"Fraizer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"1090_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.20073","volume":"60","author":"A Jemal","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jemal A, Siegel R, Xu J, Ward E: Cancer statistics, 2010. 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