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The aim of this study was to determine if products secreted by<jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>biofilms play an active role in chronic wounds by promoting inflammation, which is a hallmark of chronic wounds.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>experiments were conducted to examine changes in gene expression profiles and inflammatory response of human epithelial keratinocytes (HEKa) exposed to products secreted by<jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>grown in biofilms or products secreted by<jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>grown planktonically.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>After only two hours of exposure, gene expression microarray data showed marked differences in inflammatory, apoptotic, and nitric oxide responses between HEKa cells exposed to<jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>biofilm conditioned media (BCM) and HEKa cells exposed to<jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>planktonic conditioned media (PCM). As early as 4 hours post exposure, ELISA results showed significant increases in IL-6, IL-8, TNF\u03b1, and CXCL2 production by HEKa cells exposed to BCM compared to HEKa cells exposed to PCM or controls. Nitric oxide assay data also showed significant increases in nitric oxide production by HEKa cells treated with BCM compared to HEKa cells treated with PCM, or controls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Taken together, these results support and extend previous findings that indicate products secreted by<jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>biofilms directly contribute to the chronic inflammation associated with chronic wounds.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-9255-11-17","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,3]],"date-time":"2014-06-03T17:29:37Z","timestamp":1401816577000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Early effects of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm secreted products on inflammatory responses of human epithelial keratinocytes"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Amy","family":"Tankersley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark Barton","family":"Frank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Bebak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Brennan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"361_CR1","first-page":"263","volume":"17","author":"K Beckrich","year":"1999","unstructured":"Beckrich K, Aronovitch SA: Hospital-acquired pressure ulcers: a comparison of costs in medical vs. surgical patients. 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