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These agents increased intestinal myeloperoxidase activity and the expression of the proinflammatory cytokines, IL-1\u03b2, TNF-\u03b1 and IL-6, in the colon.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>DSS and TNBS induced the protein expression of TLR-4 and activated transcription factor NF-\u03baB. However, these colitic agents did not express TLR-4 in C3H\/HeJ mice. Of proinflammatory cytokines, IL-1\u03b2 was most potently expressed in C3H\/HeN mice. IL-1\u03b2 potently induced NF-\u03baB activation in CaCo-2 cells, but did not induce TLR-4 expression. DSS and TNBS increased lipid peroxide (malondialdehyde) and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal content in the colon, but reduced glutathione content and superoxide dismutase and catalase activities. These colitic inducers increased the number of Enterobacteriaceae grown in DHL agar plates in both mice, although the number of anaerobes and bifidobacteria grown in GAM and BL agar plates was reduced.<jats:italic>E. coli, K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Proteus mirabilis<\/jats:italic>isolated in DHL agar plates increased lipid peroxidation in liposomes prepared by L-\u03b1-phosphatidylcholine, but<jats:italic>B. animalis<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>B. cholerium<\/jats:italic>isolated from BL agar plates inhibited it.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings suggest that DSS and TNBS may cause colitis by inducing lipid peroxidation and enterobacterial proliferation, which may deteriorate the colitis by regulating proinflammatory cytokines via TLR-4-linked NF-\u03baB activation pathway.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-9255-7-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,2]],"date-time":"2010-02-02T07:15:08Z","timestamp":1265094908000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Dextran sulfate sodium and 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid induce lipid peroxidation by the proliferation of intestinal gram-negative bacteria in mice"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"In-Ah","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eun-Ah","family":"Bae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang-Jin","family":"Hyun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong-Hyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"126_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)07284-7","volume":"359","author":"F Shanahan","year":"2002","unstructured":"Shanahan F: Crohn's disease. 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