{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T04:34:29Z","timestamp":1791174869858,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Inflamm"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The kynurenine pathway (KP) is the main route of tryptophan degradation in the human body and generates several neuroactive and immunomodulatory metabolites. Altered levels of KP-metabolites have been observed in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders as well as in patients with affective disorders. The purpose of the present study was to investigate if skin derived human fibroblasts are useful for studies of expression of enzymes in the KP.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fibroblast cultures were established from cutaneous biopsies taken from the arm of consenting volunteers. Such cultures were subsequently treated with interferon (IFN)-\u03b3 200 U\/ml and\/or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-\u03b1, 100 U\/ml for 48 hours in serum-free medium. Levels of transcripts encoding different enzymes were determined by real-time PCR and levels of kynurenic acid (KYNA) were determined by HPLC.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>At base-line all cultures harbored detectable levels of transcripts encoding KP enzymes, albeit with considerable variation across individuals. Following cytokine treatment, considerable changes in many of the transcripts investigated were observed. For example, increases in the abundance of transcripts encoding indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, kynureninase or 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid oxygenase and decreases in the levels of transcripts encoding tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase, kynurenine aminotransferases or quinolinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase were observed following IFN-\u03b3 and TNF-\u03b1 treatment. Finally, the fibroblast cultures released detectable levels of KYNA in the cell culture medium at base-line conditions, which were increased after IFN-\u03b3, but not TNF-\u03b1, treatments.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>All of the investigated genes encoding KP enzymes were expressed in human fibroblasts. Expression of many of these appeared to be regulated in response to cytokine treatment as previously reported for other cell types. Fibroblast cultures, thus, appear to be useful for studies of disease-related abnormalities in the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan degradation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-9255-8-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,10]],"date-time":"2011-10-10T15:28:16Z","timestamp":1318260496000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines on expression of kynurenine pathway enzymes in human dermal fibroblasts"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Linn\u00e9a","family":"Asp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne-Sofie","family":"Johansson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amandeep","family":"Mann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bj\u00f6rn","family":"Owe-Larsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewa M","family":"Urbanska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Kocki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Kegel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G\u00f6ran","family":"Engberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriella BS","family":"Lundkvist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H\u00e5kan","family":"Karlsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"203_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1711.2003.t01-1-01177.x","volume":"81","author":"JR Moffett","year":"2003","unstructured":"Moffett JR, Namboodiri MA: Tryptophan and the immune response. Immunol Cell Biol. 2003, 81 (4): 247-265. 10.1046\/j.1440-1711.2003.t01-1-01177.x.","journal-title":"Immunol Cell Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"203_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-6997(25)00441-7","volume":"45","author":"TW Stone","year":"1993","unstructured":"Stone TW: Neuropharmacology of quinolinic and kynurenic acids. Pharmacol Rev. 1993, 45 (3): 309-379.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"issue":"19","key":"203_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7463","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-19-07463.2001","volume":"21","author":"C Hilmas","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hilmas C, Pereira EF, Alkondon M, Rassoulpour A, Schwarcz R, Albuquerque EX: The brain metabolite kynurenic acid inhibits alpha7 nicotinic receptor activity and increases non-alpha7 nicotinic receptor expression: physiopathological implications. J Neurosci. 2001, 21 (19): 7463-7473.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"203_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2008.06594.x","volume":"29","author":"A Zmarowski","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zmarowski A, Wu HQ, Brooks JM, Potter MC, Pellicciari R, Schwarcz R, Bruno JP: Astrocyte-derived kynurenic acid modulates basal and evoked cortical acetylcholine release. Eur J Neurosci. 2009, 29 (3): 529-538. 10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2008.06594.x.","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"issue":"2-3","key":"203_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2005.07.013","volume":"80","author":"LK Nilsson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nilsson LK, Linderholm KR, Engberg G, Paulson L, Blennow K, Lindstrom LH, Nordin C, Karanti A, Persson P, Erhardt S: Elevated levels of kynurenic acid in the cerebrospinal fluid of male patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2005, 80 (2-3): 315-322. 10.1016\/j.schres.2005.07.013.","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"203_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(01)01078-2","volume":"50","author":"R Schwarcz","year":"2001","unstructured":"Schwarcz R, Rassoulpour A, Wu HQ, Medoff D, Tamminga CA, Roberts RC: Increased cortical kynurenate content in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry. 2001, 50 (7): 521-530. 10.1016\/S0006-3223(01)01078-2.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"203_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2004.07.006","volume":"17","author":"P Guidetti","year":"2004","unstructured":"Guidetti P, Luthi-Carter RE, Augood SJ, Schwarcz R: Neostriatal and cortical quinolinate levels are increased in early grade Huntington's disease. Neurobiol Dis. 2004, 17 (3): 455-461. 10.1016\/j.nbd.2004.07.006.","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"203_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(01)02242-X","volume":"313","author":"S Erhardt","year":"2001","unstructured":"Erhardt S, Blennow K, Nordin C, Skogh E, Lindstrom LH, Engberg G: Kynurenic acid levels are elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with schizophrenia. Neurosci Lett. 2001, 313 (1-2): 96-98. 10.1016\/S0304-3940(01)02242-X.","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"203_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gabbay V, Klein RG, Katz Y, Mendoza S, Guttman LE, Alonso CM, Babb JS, Hirsch GS, Liebes L: The possible role of the kynurenine pathway in adolescent depression with melancholic features. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 51 (8): 935-943.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2010.02245.x"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"203_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2006.07.013","volume":"98","author":"AM Myint","year":"2007","unstructured":"Myint AM, Kim YK, Verkerk R, Scharpe S, Steinbusch H, Leonard B: Kynurenine pathway in major depression: evidence of impaired neuroprotection. J Affect Disord. 2007, 98 (1-2): 143-151. 10.1016\/j.jad.2006.07.013.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"1-3","key":"203_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2006.12.008","volume":"102","author":"AM Myint","year":"2007","unstructured":"Myint AM, Kim YK, Verkerk R, Park SH, Scharpe S, Steinbusch HW, Leonard BE: Tryptophan breakdown pathway in bipolar mania. J Affect Disord. 2007, 102 (1-3): 65-72. 10.1016\/j.jad.2006.12.008.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"203_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2005.12.056","volume":"1073-1074","author":"CL Miller","year":"2006","unstructured":"Miller CL, Llenos IC, Dulay JR, Weis S: Upregulation of the initiating step of the kynurenine pathway in postmortem anterior cingulate cortex from individuals with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Brain Res. 2006, 1073-1074: 25-37.","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"203_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.090180","volume":"35","author":"SK Olsson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Olsson SK, Samuelsson M, Saetre P, Lindstrom L, Jonsson EG, Nordin C, Engberg G, Erhardt S, Landen M: Elevated levels of kynurenic acid in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with bipolar disorder. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2010, 35 (3): 195-199. 10.1503\/jpn.090180.","journal-title":"J Psychiatry Neurosci"},{"key":"203_CR14","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol","author":"L Asp","year":"2009","unstructured":"Asp L, Holtze M, Powell SB, Karlsson H, Erhardt S: Neonatal infection with neurotropic influenza A virus induces the kynurenine pathway in early life and disrupts sensorimotor gating in adult Tap1-\/- mice. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2009, 1-11."},{"issue":"4","key":"203_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.06.006","volume":"56","author":"S Erhardt","year":"2004","unstructured":"Erhardt S, Schwieler L, Emanuelsson C, Geyer M: Endogenous kynurenic acid disrupts prepulse inhibition. Biol Psychiatry. 2004, 56 (4): 255-260. 10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.06.006.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"203_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Potter MC, Elmer GI, Bergeron R, Albuquerque EX, Guidetti P, Wu HQ, Schwarcz R: Reduction of endogenous kynurenic acid formation enhances extracellular glutamate, hippocampal plasticity, and cognitive behavior. Neuropsychopharmacology. 35 (8): 1734-1742.","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2010.39"},{"key":"203_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laugeray A, Launay JM, Callebert J, Surget A, Belzung C, Barone PR: Peripheral and cerebral metabolic abnormalities of the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway in a murine model of major depression. Behav Brain Res. 210 (1): 84-91.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2010.02.014"},{"issue":"3","key":"203_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbl033","volume":"33","author":"AC Chess","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chess AC, Simoni MK, Alling TE, Bucci DJ: Elevations of endogenous kynurenic acid produce spatial working memory deficits. Schizophr Bull. 2007, 33 (3): 797-804. 10.1093\/schbul\/sbl033.","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"203_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-6-36","volume":"6","author":"KK Ting","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ting KK, Brew BJ, Guillemin GJ: Effect of quinolinic acid on human astrocytes morphology and functions: implications in Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation. 2009, 6: 36-10.1186\/1742-2094-6-36.","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"7","key":"203_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e6344","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0006344","volume":"4","author":"A Rahman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rahman A, Ting K, Cullen KM, Braidy N, Brew BJ, Guillemin GJ: The excitotoxin quinolinic acid induces tau phosphorylation in human neurons. PLoS One. 2009, 4 (7): e6344-10.1371\/journal.pone.0006344.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"203_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.81.3.908","volume":"81","author":"ER Pfefferkorn","year":"1984","unstructured":"Pfefferkorn ER: Interferon gamma blocks the growth of Toxoplasma gondii in human fibroblasts by inducing the host cells to degrade tryptophan. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1984, 81 (3): 908-912. 10.1073\/pnas.81.3.908.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"47","key":"203_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12884","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4101-07.2007","volume":"27","author":"GJ Guillemin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Guillemin GJ, Cullen KM, Lim CK, Smythe GA, Garner B, Kapoor V, Takikawa O, Brew BJ: Characterization of the kynurenine pathway in human neurons. J Neurosci. 2007, 27 (47): 12884-12892. 10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4101-07.2007.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"203_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2001.00498.x","volume":"78","author":"GJ Guillemin","year":"2001","unstructured":"Guillemin GJ, Kerr SJ, Smythe GA, Smith DG, Kapoor V, Armati PJ, Croitoru J, Brew BJ: Kynurenine pathway metabolism in human astrocytes: a paradox for neuronal protection. J Neurochem. 2001, 78 (4): 842-853. 10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2001.00498.x.","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"issue":"6","key":"203_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.62.6.2277-2284.1994","volume":"62","author":"SL Gupta","year":"1994","unstructured":"Gupta SL, Carlin JM, Pyati P, Dai W, Pfefferkorn ER, Murphy MJ: Antiparasitic and antiproliferative effects of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase enzyme expression in human fibroblasts. Infect Immun. 1994, 62 (6): 2277-2284.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"6","key":"203_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.1994.14.313","volume":"14","author":"W Dai","year":"1994","unstructured":"Dai W, Pan H, Kwok O, Dubey JP: Human indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase inhibits Toxoplasma gondii growth in fibroblast cells. J Interferon Res. 1994, 14 (6): 313-317. 10.1089\/jir.1994.14.313.","journal-title":"J Interferon Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"203_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4496","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00310-09","volume":"77","author":"K Spekker","year":"2009","unstructured":"Spekker K, Czesla M, Ince V, Heseler K, Schmidt SK, Schares G, Daubener W: Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase is involved in defense against Neospora caninum in human and bovine cells. Infect Immun. 2009, 77 (10): 4496-4501. 10.1128\/IAI.00310-09.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"4","key":"203_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","volume":"25","author":"KJ Livak","year":"2001","unstructured":"Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD: Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method. Methods. 2001, 25 (4): 402-408. 10.1006\/meth.2001.1262.","journal-title":"Methods"},{"issue":"4","key":"203_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.1986.6.389","volume":"6","author":"GI Byrne","year":"1986","unstructured":"Byrne GI, Lehmann LK, Kirschbaum JG, Borden EC, Lee CM, Brown RR: Induction of tryptophan degradation in vitro and in vivo: a gamma-interferon-stimulated activity. J Interferon Res. 1986, 6 (4): 389-396. 10.1089\/jir.1986.6.389.","journal-title":"J Interferon Res"},{"key":"203_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-4709-9_64","volume":"467","author":"W Daubener","year":"1999","unstructured":"Daubener W, MacKenzie CR: IFN-gamma activated indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity in human cells is an antiparasitic and an antibacterial effector mechanism. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1999, 467: 517-524. 10.1007\/978-1-4615-4709-9_64.","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"issue":"12","key":"203_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2007.01.004","volume":"39","author":"NJ King","year":"2007","unstructured":"King NJ, Thomas SR: Molecules in focus: indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2007, 39 (12): 2167-2172. 10.1016\/j.biocel.2007.01.004.","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol"},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"203_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3260351","volume":"326","author":"MP Heyes","year":"1997","unstructured":"Heyes MP, Chen CY, Major EO, Saito K: Different kynurenine pathway enzymes limit quinolinic acid formation by various human cell types. Biochem J. 1997, 326 (Pt 2): 351-356.","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"issue":"6","key":"203_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-005-8469-y","volume":"25","author":"C Di Serio","year":"2005","unstructured":"Di Serio C, Cozzi A, Angeli I, Doria L, Micucci I, Pellerito S, Mirone P, Masotti G, Moroni F, Tarantini F: Kynurenic acid inhibits the release of the neurotrophic fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-1 and enhances proliferation of glia cells, in vitro. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2005, 25 (6): 981-993. 10.1007\/s10571-005-8469-y.","journal-title":"Cell Mol Neurobiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"203_CR33","first-page":"393","volume":"58","author":"D Kuc","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kuc D, Rahnama M, Tomaszewski T, Rzeski W, Wejksza K, Urbanik-Sypniewska T, Parada-Turska J, Wielosz M, Turski WA: Kynurenic acid in human saliva--does it influence oral microflora?. Pharmacol Rep. 2006, 58 (3): 393-398.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"203_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1021\/pr900867x","volume":"9","author":"L Wang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wang L, Lockstone HE, Guest PC, Levin Y, Palotas A, Pietsch S, Schwarz E, Rahmoune H, Harris LW, Ma D, Bahn S: Expression profiling of fibroblasts identifies cell cycle abnormalities in schizophrenia. J Proteome Res. 2010, 9 (1): 521-527. 10.1021\/pr900867x.","journal-title":"J Proteome Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"203_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(91)90066-X","volume":"37","author":"SP Mahadik","year":"1991","unstructured":"Mahadik SP, Mukherjee S, Laev H, Reddy R, Schnur DB: Abnormal growth of skin fibroblasts from schizophrenic patients. Psychiatry Res. 1991, 37 (3): 309-320. 10.1016\/0165-1781(91)90066-X.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"203_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(94)90097-3","volume":"53","author":"SP Mahadik","year":"1994","unstructured":"Mahadik SP, Mukherjee S, Wakade CG, Laev H, Reddy RR, Schnur DB: Decreased adhesiveness and altered cellular distribution of fibronectin in fibroblasts from schizophrenic patients. Psychiatry Res. 1994, 53 (1): 87-97. 10.1016\/0165-1781(94)90097-3.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"203_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.03.016","volume":"84","author":"VS Catts","year":"2006","unstructured":"Catts VS, Catts SV, McGrath JJ, Feron F, McLean D, Coulson EJ, Lutze-Mann LH: Apoptosis and schizophrenia: a pilot study based on dermal fibroblast cell lines. Schizophr Res. 2006, 84 (1): 20-28. 10.1016\/j.schres.2006.03.016.","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"issue":"42","key":"203_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16621","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0706778104","volume":"104","author":"R Gysin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gysin R, Kraftsik R, Sandell J, Bovet P, Chappuis C, Conus P, Deppen P, Preisig M, Ruiz V, Steullet P, Tosic M, Werge T, Cuenod M, Do KQ: Impaired glutathione synthesis in schizophrenia: convergent genetic and functional evidence. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2007, 104 (42): 16621-16626. 10.1073\/pnas.0706778104.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"2-3","key":"203_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(96)02899-5","volume":"63","author":"SP Mahadik","year":"1996","unstructured":"Mahadik SP, Mukherjee S, Horrobin DF, Jenkins K, Correnti EE, Scheffer RE: Plasma membrane phospholipid fatty acid composition of cultured skin fibroblasts from schizophrenic patients: comparison with bipolar patients and normal subjects. Psychiatry Res. 1996, 63 (2-3): 133-142. 10.1016\/0165-1781(96)02899-5.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"203_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2009.03.095","volume":"457","author":"ML Persson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Persson ML, Johansson J, Vumma R, Raita J, Bjerkenstedt L, Wiesel FA, Venizelos N: Aberrant amino acid transport in fibroblasts from patients with bipolar disorder. Neurosci Lett. 2009, 457 (1): 49-52. 10.1016\/j.neulet.2009.03.095.","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"issue":"10","key":"203_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.58.10.953","volume":"58","author":"L Flyckt","year":"2001","unstructured":"Flyckt L, Venizelos N, Edman G, Bjerkenstedt L, Hagenfeldt L, Wiesel FA: Aberrant tyrosine transport across the cell membrane in patients with schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2001, 58 (10): 953-958. 10.1001\/archpsyc.58.10.953.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"203_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2007.03.004","volume":"418","author":"E Fernell","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fernell E, Karagiannakis A, Edman G, Bjerkenstedt L, Wiesel FA, Venizelos N: Aberrant amino acid transport in fibroblasts from children with autism. Neurosci Lett. 2007, 418 (1): 82-86. 10.1016\/j.neulet.2007.03.004.","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"}],"container-title":["Journal of Inflammation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1476-9255-8-25.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T17:34:55Z","timestamp":1741800895000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journal-inflammation.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1476-9255-8-25"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,8]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,12]]}},"alternative-id":["203"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1476-9255-8-25","relation":{},"ISSN":["1476-9255"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1476-9255","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 May 2011","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 October 2011","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 October 2011","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"25"}}