{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T23:45:07Z","timestamp":1787701507632,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Med Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>It has been more than 100 years since the realization that microbes are capable of causing disease. In that time, we have learned a great deal as to how each organism has adapted to the immune system so as to avoid elimination. As well, we have also learned an immense amount since Louis Pasteur first proposed that the solution to infectious diseases was to culture the microbes and attenuate their virulence, so as to use them as vaccines. From the optimism and promise of the 19<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup>century and immunization as the ultimate answer to the invasion by the microbial world, to the scientific realities of the 21<jats:sup>st<\/jats:sup>century, it is of interest to retrace the steps of the earliest microbiologists cum immunologists, to realize how far we've come, as well as how far we yet have to go. This editorial focuses on the history of anthrax as a microbial disease, and the earliest efforts at producing a vaccine for its prevention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-9433-4-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,19]],"date-time":"2005-04-19T06:14:05Z","timestamp":1113891245000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Wanted, an Anthrax vaccine: Dead or Alive?"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Kendall A","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"14_CR1","first-page":"430","volume":"92","author":"L Pasteur","year":"1881","unstructured":"Pasteur L, Chamberland, Roux: De l'attenuation des virus et de leur retore a la virulence. 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Beitrage zur Biologie der Pflanzen. 1876, 2: 277-310.","journal-title":"Beitrage zur Biologie der Pflanzen"},{"key":"14_CR4","volume-title":"The Founders of Modern Medicine: Pasteur, Koch, Lister","author":"E Metchnikoff","year":"1939","unstructured":"Metchnikoff E: The Founders of Modern Medicine: Pasteur, Koch, Lister. 1939, Freeport, NY, Books for Libraries Press"},{"key":"14_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.29861","volume-title":"Immunity in Infective Diseases","author":"E Metchnikoff","year":"1905","unstructured":"Metchnikoff E: Immunity in Infective Diseases. 1905, Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press, 576-"},{"key":"14_CR6","volume-title":"Protocol der Allgemeinen Versammlung der kk Gesellschaft der Aerzte zu Wein","author":"IP Semmelweis","year":"1850","unstructured":"Semmelweis IP: Vortrag uber die genesis des puerperalfiebers. 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BMJ. 1867, 2: 246-","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"14_CR10","first-page":"1037","volume":"86","author":"L Pasteur","year":"1878","unstructured":"Pasteur L, Joubert, Chamberland: La theorie des germes et ses applications a la medicine et a la chirurgie. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l' Academie des Sciences. 1878, 86: 1037-1043.","journal-title":"Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l' Academie des Sciences"},{"key":"14_CR11","volume-title":"The Private Science of Louis Pasteur","author":"GL Geison","year":"1995","unstructured":"Geison GL: The Private Science of Louis Pasteur. 1995, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press"},{"key":"14_CR12","first-page":"1378","volume":"XCII","author":"L Pasteur","year":"1881","unstructured":"Pasteur L: Compte rendu sommaire des experiences faites a Pouilly-Le-Fort, pres de Meun, sur la vaccination charnonneuse (avec la collaboration de MM. Chamberland et Roux). Compte Rendus Acad Sci. 1881, XCII: 1378-1383.","journal-title":"Compte Rendus Acad Sci"},{"key":"14_CR13","unstructured":"Electronic versions of the above papers. [http:\/\/www.kendallasmith.com\/]"}],"container-title":["Medical Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1476-9433-4-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,3]],"date-time":"2023-05-03T00:23:07Z","timestamp":1683073387000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/medimmunol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1476-9433-4-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,18]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,12]]}},"alternative-id":["14"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1476-9433-4-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1476-9433"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1476-9433","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 March 2005","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 April 2005","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 April 2005","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"5"}}