{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T04:52:47Z","timestamp":1776919967748,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["World J Surg Onc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Leiomyosarcomas (LMS) of the spermatic cord are extremely rare. Radical inguinal orchiectomy and high ligation of the cord is the standard primary surgical procedure. The extent of surrounding soft tissue excision required and the precise role of adjuvant radiotherapy, however, remains unclear. In addition, recurrence is a commonly encountered problem which might necessitate further radical excision of adjacent soft tissues.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This article reviews the pathophysiology of spermatic cord leiomyosarcomas (LMS), and discusses the various reconstructive surgical options available to repair the inguinal region and the lower anterior abdominal wall after excision of the tumour and the adjacent soft tissues.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>There is paucity of literature on LMS of spermatic cord. The majority of paratesticular neoplasms are of mesenchymal origin and up to 30% of these are malignant. In adults, approximately 10% of spermatic cord sarcomas are LMS. Approximately 50% of these tumours recur loco-regionally following definitive surgery; however, the incidence decreases if resection is followed by adjuvant radiotherapy.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>It is therefore important to achieve negative histological margins during the primary surgical procedure, even if adjuvant radiotherapy is instituted. If extensive resection is required, either during the primary procedure or following recurrence, reconstructive surgery may become necessary. This article reviews the pathophysiology of spermatic cord LMS, the reasons for recurrence, and discusses the management options including the role of reconstructive surgery.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7819-3-23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,28]],"date-time":"2005-04-28T18:13:35Z","timestamp":1114712015000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Management of leiomyosarcomas of the spermatic cord: the role of reconstructive surgery"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Stuart","family":"Enoch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simon M","family":"Wharton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Douglas S","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"100_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.1993.tb16033.x","volume":"71","author":"TF Lioe","year":"1993","unstructured":"Lioe TF, Biggart JD: Tumours of the spermatic cord and paratesticular tissue. A clinicopathologic study. Br J Urol. 1993, 71: 600-606.","journal-title":"Br J Urol"},{"key":"100_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.1987.tb05048.x","volume":"60","author":"MG Donovan","year":"1987","unstructured":"Donovan MG, Fitzpatrick JM, Gaffney EF: Paratesticular leiomyosarcoma. Br J Urol. 1987, 60: 590","journal-title":"Br J Urol"},{"key":"100_CR3","first-page":"145","volume":"44","author":"P Bajaj","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bajaj P, Agarwal K, Niveditha SR, Pathania OP: Leiomyosarcoma arising from tunica vaginalis testis: a case report. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2001, 44: 145-146.","journal-title":"Indian J Pathol Microbiol"},{"key":"100_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.2930560208","volume":"56","author":"CR Rao","year":"1994","unstructured":"Rao CR, Srinivasulu M, Naresh KN, Doval DC, Hazarika D: Adult Paratesticular Sarcomas: A report of eight cases. J Surg Oncol. 1994, 56: 89-93.","journal-title":"J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"100_CR5","first-page":"464","volume":"17","author":"AJ Padilla","year":"1993","unstructured":"Padilla AJ, Gonzalez CM, Caldero MM, Arano YA, Torroella BF, Fanlo AP: Leiomyosarcoma of the spermatic cord. Actas Urol Esp. 1993, 17: 464-467.","journal-title":"Actas Urol Esp"},{"key":"100_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)54650-9","volume":"126","author":"PH Blitzer","year":"1981","unstructured":"Blitzer PH, Dozoretz DE, Proppe KH: Treatment of malignant tumours of the spermatic cord: A study of 10 cases and review of the literature. J Urol. 1981, 126: 611-614.","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"100_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)51316-6","volume":"130","author":"AO Sclama","year":"1983","unstructured":"Sclama AO, Berger BW, Cherry JM, Young JD: Malignant fibrous histiocytoma of the spermatic cord: the role of retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy in management. J Urol. 1983, 130: 577-579.","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"100_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)37787-X","volume":"146","author":"CN Catton","year":"1991","unstructured":"Catton CN, Cummings BJ, Fornasier V, O'Sullivan B, Quirt I, Warr D: Adult paratesticular sarcomas: a review of 21 cases. J Urol. 1991, 146: 342-345.","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"100_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19960501)77:9<1873::AID-CNCR17>3.0.CO;2-X","volume":"77","author":"MA Fagundes","year":"1996","unstructured":"Fagundes MA, Zietman AL, Althausen AF, Coen JJ, Shipley WU: The management of spermatic cord sarcoma. Cancer. 1996, 77: 1873-1876. 10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19960501)77:9<1873::AID-CNCR17>3.0.CO;2-X.","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"100_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1080\/028418699431249","volume":"38","author":"O Merimsky","year":"1999","unstructured":"Merimsky O, Terrier P, Bonvalot S, Le Pechoux C, Delord JP, Le Cesne A: Spermatic cord sarcomas in adults. Acta Oncologica. 1999, 38: 635-638. 10.1080\/028418699431249.","journal-title":"Acta Oncologica"},{"key":"100_CR11","first-page":"307","volume":"17","author":"AL Folpe","year":"2000","unstructured":"Folpe AL, Weiss SW: Paratesticular soft tissue neoplasms. Semin Diagn Pathol. 2000, 17: 307-318.","journal-title":"Semin Diagn Pathol"},{"key":"100_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)65758-8","volume":"166","author":"MT Ballo","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ballo MT, Zagars GK, Pisters PW, Le Pechoux C, Delord JP, Le Cesne A: Spermatic cord sarcoma: outcome, patterns of failure, and management. J Urol. 2001, 166: 1306-1310. 10.1097\/00005392-200110000-00019.","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"100_CR13","first-page":"1411","volume-title":"Pathology","author":"AL Schiller","year":"1999","unstructured":"Schiller AL, Teitelbaum SL: Smooth muscle tumours. Pathology. Edited by: Rubin E, Farber JL. 1999, Lippincort-Raven publishers, Philadelphia, 1411-third","edition":"third"},{"key":"100_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)62016-0","volume":"103","author":"LH Banowsky","year":"1970","unstructured":"Banowsky LH, Shultz GN: Sarcoma of the spermatic cord and tunics: review of the literature, case report and discussion of the role of retroperitoneal lymph node dissection. J Urol. 1970, 103: 628-631.","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"100_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(02)02279-1","volume":"136","author":"SJ Bakri","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bakri SJ, Krohel GB, Peters GB, Farber MG: Spermatic cord leiomyosarcoma metastatic to the orbit. Am J Ophthalmol. 2003, 136: 213-215. 10.1016\/S0002-9394(02)02279-1.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"100_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01836346","volume":"14","author":"A Stein","year":"1996","unstructured":"Stein A, Kaplun A, Sova Y, Zivan I, Laver B, Lurie M, Lurie A: Leiomyosarcoma of the spermatic cord: report of two cases and review of the literature. World J Urol. 1996, 14: 59-61.","journal-title":"World J Urol"},{"key":"100_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.2004.23.7.973","volume":"23","author":"M Secil","year":"2004","unstructured":"Secil M, Kefi A, Gulbahar F, Aslan G, Tuna B, Yorukoglu K: Sonographic features of spermatic cord leiomyosarcoma. J Ultrasound Med. 2004, 23: 973-976.","journal-title":"J Ultrasound Med"},{"key":"100_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.231025133","volume":"23","author":"PJ Woodward","year":"2003","unstructured":"Woodward PJ, Schwab CM, Sesterhenn IA: From the archives of the AFIP: Extratesticular scrotal masses: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 2003, 23: 215-240.","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"100_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03164773","volume":"11","author":"S Kosuda","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kosuda S, Wahl RL, Grossman HB: Demonstration of recurrent dedifferentiated liposarcoma of the spermatic cord by FDG-PET. Ann Nucl Med. 1997, 11: 263-266.","journal-title":"Ann Nucl Med"},{"key":"100_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1002\/dc.2840060607","volume":"6","author":"P Dalla Palma","year":"1990","unstructured":"Dalla Palma P, Barbazza R: Well-differentiated liposarcoma of the paratesticular area: report of a case with fine-needle aspiration preoperative diagnosis and review of the literature. Diagn Cytopathol. 1990, 6: 421-426.","journal-title":"Diagn Cytopathol"},{"key":"100_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1159\/000328491","volume":"44","author":"R Bosch-Princep","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bosch-Princep R, Martinez-Gonzalez S, Alvaro-Naranjo T, Castellano-Megias VM, Salvado-Usach MT, Marti-Mestre J: Fine needle aspiration and touch imprint cytology of a malignant fibrous histiocytoma of the spermatic cord: case report. Acta Cytol. 2000, 44: 423-428.","journal-title":"Acta Cytol"},{"key":"100_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19970825)81:4<228::AID-CNCR5>3.0.CO;2-L","volume":"81","author":"MD Berardo","year":"1997","unstructured":"Berardo MD, Powers CN, Wakely PE, Almeida MO, Frable WJ: Fine-needle aspiration cytopathology of malignant fibrous histiocytoma. Cancer. 1997, 81: 228-237. 10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19970825)81:4<228::AID-CNCR5>3.0.CO;2-L.","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"100_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1844","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)68823-4","volume":"161","author":"C Catton","year":"1999","unstructured":"Catton C, Jewett M, O'Sullivan B, Kandel R: Paratesticular sarcoma: failure patterns after definitive local therapy. J Urol. 1999, 161: 1844-1847. 10.1097\/00005392-199906000-00033.","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"100_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1442-2042.1999.00100.x","volume":"6","author":"J Watanabe","year":"1999","unstructured":"Watanabe J, Soma T, Kawa G, Hida S, Koisi M: Leiomyosarcoma of the spermatic cord. Int J Urol. 1999, 6: 536-538. 10.1046\/j.1442-2042.1999.00100.x.","journal-title":"Int J Urol"},{"key":"100_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1245\/ASO.2003.11.014","volume":"10","author":"J Coleman","year":"2003","unstructured":"Coleman J, Brennan MF, Alektiar K, Russo P: Adult spermatic cord sarcomas: management and results. Ann Surg Oncol. 2003, 10: 669-675. 10.1245\/ASO.2003.11.014.","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"key":"100_CR26","first-page":"963","volume":"44","author":"L Bowden","year":"1958","unstructured":"Bowden L, Booher RJ: The principles and technique of resection of soft parts for sarcoma. Surgery. 1958, 44: 963-977.","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"100_CR27","first-page":"1029","volume-title":"Grabb and Smith's Plastic Surgery","author":"DA Roth","year":"1997","unstructured":"Roth DA: Thoracic and abdominal wall reconstruction. Grabb and Smith's Plastic Surgery. Edited by: Aston SJ, Beasley RW. 1997, Thorne CHM. Lippincott-Raven publishers, Philadelphia, 1029-Fifth","edition":"Fifth"},{"key":"100_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800721129","volume":"72","author":"RM Watkins","year":"1985","unstructured":"Watkins RM, Thomas JM: The role of greater omentum in reconstructing skin and soft tissue defects of the groin and axilla. Br J Surg. 1985, 72: 925-926.","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"100_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19920701)70:1<169::AID-CNCR2820700127>3.0.CO;2-F","volume":"70","author":"LM Tran","year":"1992","unstructured":"Tran LM, Mark R, Meier R, Calcattera TC, Parker RG: Sarcoma of the head and neck. Cancer. 1992, 70: 169-177.","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"100_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00182966","volume":"13","author":"JD de Vries","year":"1995","unstructured":"de Vries JD: Paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma. World J Urol. 1995, 13: 219-225.","journal-title":"World J Urol"},{"key":"100_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)63353-6","volume":"96","author":"VN Kyle","year":"1966","unstructured":"Kyle VN: Leiomyosarcoma of the spermatic cord: a review of the literature and report of an additional case. J Urol. 1966, 96: 795-","journal-title":"J Urol"}],"container-title":["World Journal of Surgical Oncology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1477-7819-3-23.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,31]],"date-time":"2021-08-31T23:20:21Z","timestamp":1630452021000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/wjso.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1477-7819-3-23"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,28]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,12]]}},"alternative-id":["100"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1477-7819-3-23","relation":{},"ISSN":["1477-7819"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1477-7819","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 January 2005","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 April 2005","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 April 2005","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"23"}}