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When allowed to accumulate to sufficient levels in its dephosphorylated form, beta-catenin serves as a transcriptional co-activator associated with a number of signaling pathways, including steroid hormone signaling pathways.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>To investigate the role of beta-catenin in progesterone (P<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>) signaling and female reproductive physiology, conditional ablation of <jats:italic>Ctnnb1<\/jats:italic> from the endometrial mesenchymal (<jats:italic>i.e.<\/jats:italic> stromal and myometrial), but not epithelial, compartment was accomplished using the <jats:italic>Amhr2-Cre<\/jats:italic> mice. Experiments were conducted to assess the ability of mutant female mice to undergo pregnancy and pseudopregnancy by or through oil-induced decidualization. The ability of uteri from mutant female mice to respond to estrogen (E<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) and P<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> was also determined.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Conditional deletion of <jats:italic>Ctnnb1<\/jats:italic> from the mesenchymal compartment of the uterus resulted in infertility stemming, in part, from complete failure of the uterus to decidualize. E<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>-stimulated epithelial cell mitosis and edematization were not altered in mutant uteri indicating that the mesenchyme is capable of responding to E<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>. However, exposure of ovariectomized mutant female mice to a combined E<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and P<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> hormone regimen consistent with early pregnancy revealed that mesenchymal beta-catenin is essential for indirectly opposing E<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>-induced epithelial proliferation by P<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> and in some mice resulted in development of endometrial metaplasia. Lastly, beta-catenin is also required for the induced expression of genes that are known to play a fundamental role in decidualization such as <jats:italic>Ihh<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Ptch1<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Gli1<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Muc1<\/jats:italic>\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Three salient points derive from these studies. First, the findings demonstrate a mechanistic linkage between the P<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> and beta-catenin signaling pathways. Second, they highlight an under appreciated role for the mesenchymal compartment in indirectly mediating P<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> signaling to the epithelium, a process that intimately involves mesenchymal beta-catenin. Third, the technical feasibility of deleting genes in the mesenchymal compartment of the uterus in an effort to understand decidualization and post-natal interactions with the overlying epithelium has been demonstrated. It is concluded that beta-catenin plays an integral role in selective P<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>-directed epithelial-mesenchymal communication in both the estrous cycling and gravid uterus.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-10-75","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,7]],"date-time":"2012-09-07T10:14:48Z","timestamp":1347012888000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Endometrial stromal beta-catenin is required for steroid-dependent mesenchymal-epithelial cross talk and decidualization"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Ling","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda L","family":"Patterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lihua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose M","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James K","family":"Pru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"1000_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.2001.0458","volume":"240","author":"T Kurita","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kurita T, Cooke PS, Cunha GR: Epithelial-stromal tissue interaction in paramesonephric (Mullerian) epithelial differentiation. 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