{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T22:16:41Z","timestamp":1792880201284,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Reprod Biol Endocrinol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Inorganic arsenic is a major water pollutant and a known human carcinogen that has a suppressive influence on spermatogenesis and androgenesis in male reproductive system. However, the actual molecular events resulting in male reproductive dysfunctions from exposure to arsenic remain unclear. In this context, we evaluated the mode of action of chronic oral exposure of sodium arsenite on hypothalamo-pituitary- testicular activities in mature male albino rats.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The effect of chronic oral exposure to sodium arsenite (5 mg\/kg body weight\/day) via drinking water without or with hCG (5 I.U.\/kg body weight\/day) and oestradiol (25 micrograms oestradiol 3-benzoate suspended in 0.25 ml olive oil\/rat\/day) co-treatments for 6 days a week for 4 weeks (about the duration of two spermatogenic cycle) was evaluated in adult male rats. Changes in paired testicular weights, quantitative study of different varieties of germ cells at stage VII of spermatogenic cycle, epididymal sperm count, circulatory concentrations of hormones (LH, FSH, testosterone and corticosterone), testicular activities of delta 5, 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (delta 5, 3beta-HSD), 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17 beta-HSD), sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), as well as the levels of biogenic amines (dopamine, noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)) in the hypothalamus and pituitary were monitored in this study. Hormones were assayed by radioimmuno- assay or enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay and the enzymes were estimated after spectrophotometry as well as the biogenic amines by HPLC electrochemistry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sodium arsenite treatment resulted in: decreased paired testicular weights; epididymal sperm count; plasma LH, FSH, testosterone and testicular testosterone concentrations; and increased plasma concentration of corticosterone. Testicular enzymes such as delta 5, 3 beta-HSD, 17 beta-HSD, and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) were significantly decreased, but those of acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were significantly increased. A decrease in dopamine or an increase in noradrenaline and 5-HT in hypothalamus and pituitary were also noted after arsenic exposure. Histological evaluation revealed extensive degeneration of different varieties of germ cells at stage VII of spermatogenic cycle in arsenic exposed rats. Administration of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) along with sodium arsenite partially prevented the degeneration of germ cells and enhanced paired testicular weights, epididymal sperm count, plasma and intratesticular testosterone concentrations, activities of delta 5, 3beta-HSD, 17 beta-HSD and sorbitol dehydrogenase along with diminution in the activities of ACP, ALP and LDH. Since many of the observed arsenic effects could be enhanced by oestradiol, it is suggested that arsenic might somehow acts through an estrogenic mode of action.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results indicate that arsenic causes testicular toxicity by germ cell degeneration and inhibits androgen production in adult male rats probably by affecting pituitary gonadotrophins. Estradiol treatment has been associated with similar effects on pituitary testicular axis supporting the hypothesis that arsenite might somehow act through an estrogenic mode of action.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-4-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,17]],"date-time":"2006-02-17T07:45:46Z","timestamp":1140162346000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":225,"title":["Effects of chronic exposure to sodium arsenite on hypothalamo-pituitary-testicular activities in adult rats: possible an estrogenic mode of action"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Kuladip","family":"Jana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Subarna","family":"Jana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prabhat Kumar","family":"Samanta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"291_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.98.4.1643","volume":"98","author":"SX Liu","year":"2001","unstructured":"Liu SX, Athar M, Lippai I, Waldren C, Hei TK: Induction of oxyradicals by arsenic: implication for mechanism of genotoxicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2001, 98: 1643-1648.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"291_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-008X(02)00022-4","volume":"186","author":"MP Waalkes","year":"2003","unstructured":"Waalkes MP, Ward JM, Liu J, Diwan BA: Transplacental carcinogenicity of inorganic arsenic in the drinking water: induction of hepatic, ovarian, pulmonary, and adrenal tumors in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2003, 186: 7-17.","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"291_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116313","volume":"135","author":"MN Bates","year":"1992","unstructured":"Bates MN, Smith AH, Hopenhayn-Rich C: Arsenic ingestion and internal cancers: a review. Am J Epidemiol. 1992, 135: 462-476.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"291_CR4","first-page":"165","volume":"169","author":"WA Pott","year":"2001","unstructured":"Pott WA, Bengamin SA, Yang RSH: Pharmacokinetics, metabolism and carcinogenecity of arsenic. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol. 2001, 169: 165-214.","journal-title":"Rev Environ Contam Toxicol"},{"key":"291_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1039\/an9952000643","volume":"120","author":"A Chatterjee","year":"1995","unstructured":"Chatterjee A, Das D, Mandal BK, Samanta G, Banerjee P: The biggest arsenic calamity in the world. Analyst. 1995, 120: 643-650.","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"291_CR6","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Arsenic in the drinking water","author":"NRC","year":"1999","unstructured":"NRC: Arsenic in the drinking water. 1999, Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1-310."},{"key":"291_CR7","first-page":"111","volume":"8","author":"SJS Flora","year":"1995","unstructured":"Flora SJS, Dube SN, Arora U, Kannan GM, Sukla MK, Malhotra PR: Therapeutic potential of meso 2, 3- dimercaptosuccinic acid or 2,3- dimercaptopropane 1- sulfonate in chronic arsenic intoxication in rats. Biomatals. 1995, 8: 111-116.","journal-title":"Biomatals"},{"key":"291_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.2000.8963","volume":"166","author":"MP Waalkes","year":"2000","unstructured":"Waalkes MP, Keefer LK, Diwan BA: Induction of proliferate lesions of the uterus, testes, and liver in Swiss mice given repeated injections of sodium arsenate: possible estrogenic mode of action. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2000, 166: 24-35.","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"291_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.2131\/jts.24.5_425","volume":"24","author":"S Chattopadhyay","year":"1999","unstructured":"Chattopadhyay S, Ghosh S, Chaki S, Debnath J, Ghosh D: Effect of sodium arsenite on plasma levels of gonadotrophins and ovarian steroidogenesis in mature albino rats: duration dependent response. J Toxicol Sci. 1999, 24: 425-431.","journal-title":"J Toxicol Sci"},{"key":"291_CR10","first-page":"419","volume":"11","author":"D Ghosh","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ghosh D, Chattopadhyay S, Debnath J: Effect of sodium arsenite on adrenocortical activity in immature female rats: Evidence of dose-dependent response. J Environ Sci. 1999, 11: 419-422.","journal-title":"J Environ Sci"},{"key":"291_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4274(02)00085-1","volume":"133","author":"CH Tseng","year":"2002","unstructured":"Tseng CH, Tseng CP, Chiou HY, Hsueh YM, Chong CK, Chen CJ: Epidemiologic evidence of diabetogenic effect of arsenic. Toxicol Lett. 2002, 133: 69-76.","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"key":"291_CR12","first-page":"137","volume":"49","author":"HH Goebl","year":"1990","unstructured":"Goebl HH, Schmidt PF, Bohl J, Teltenborn B, Kramer G, Gutman L: Polyneuropathy due to arsenic intoxication: biopsy studies. J Neurol. 1990, 49: 137-149.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"291_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-0590(89)90281-9","volume":"13","author":"RD Naiger","year":"1989","unstructured":"Naiger RD, Osweiler GD: Effect of sub acute low-level dietary sodium arsenite on dogs. Fundam Appl Toxicol. 1989, 13: 439-451.","journal-title":"Fundam Appl Toxicol"},{"key":"291_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1191\/0960327104ht467oa","volume":"23","author":"N Pant","year":"2004","unstructured":"Pant N, Murty RC, Srivastava SP: Male reproductive toxicity of sodium arsenite in mice. Human Exp Toxicol. 2004, 23: 399-403.","journal-title":"Human Exp Toxicol"},{"key":"291_CR15","first-page":"27","volume":"1","author":"M Sarkar","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sarkar M, Ray Chaudhuri G, Chattopadhyay A, Biswas NM: Effect of sodium arsenite on spermatogenesis, plasma gonadotrophins and testosterone in rats. Asian J Androl. 2003, 1: 27-31.","journal-title":"Asian J Androl"},{"key":"291_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/S0890-6238(01)00114-9","volume":"15","author":"S Ghosh","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ghosh S, Misro M, Das UB, Maiti R, Debnath JM, Ghosh D: Effect of human chorionic gonadotrophin coadministration on ovarian steroidogenic and folliculogenic activities in cyclophosphamide treated albino rats. Repro Toxicol. 2001, 15: 221-225.","journal-title":"Repro Toxicol"},{"key":"291_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1530\/reprod\/118.1.29","volume":"118","author":"R Sarkar","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sarkar R, Mohanakumar KP, Chowdhury M: Effects of an organophosphate pesticide, quinalphos, on the hypothalamo-gonadal axis in adult male rats. J Reprod Fertil. 2000, 118: 29-38.","journal-title":"J Reprod Fertil"},{"key":"291_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.1100061","volume":"110","author":"J Blanco- Rodriguez","year":"1997","unstructured":"Blanco- Rodriguez J, Martinez- Garcia C: Apoptosis pattern by oestradiol treatment of the seminiferous epithelium of the adult rat. J Reprod Fertil. 1997, 110: 61-70.","journal-title":"J Reprod Fertil"},{"key":"291_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfg194","volume":"75","author":"S Chattopadhyay","year":"2003","unstructured":"Chattopadhyay S, Ghosh S, Chaki S, Ghosh D, Debnath J: Effect of dietary co-administration of sodium selenite on arsenite- induced ovarian and uterine disorders in mature albino rats. Toxicol Sci. 2003, 75: 412-422.","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"key":"291_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1952.tb26576.x","volume":"55","author":"CP Leblond","year":"1952","unstructured":"Leblond CP, Clermont Y: Definition of the stage of the cycle of seminiferous epithelium in the rat. Annals NY Acad Sci. 1952, 55: 548-573.","journal-title":"Annals NY Acad Sci"},{"key":"291_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-57-3-369","volume":"57","author":"Y Clermont","year":"1955","unstructured":"Clermont Y, Morgentaler H: Quantitative study of spermatogenesis in hypophysectomized rat. Endocrinology. 1955, 57: 369-382.","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"291_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-120-4-1615","volume":"120","author":"LD Russell","year":"1987","unstructured":"Russell LD, Alger LF, Naquin LG: Hormonal control of pubertal spermatogenesis. Endocrinology. 1987, 120: 1615-1632.","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"291_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(90)90045-S","volume":"46","author":"D Ghosh","year":"1990","unstructured":"Ghosh D, Chowdhury A, Biswas NM, Ghosh PK: Effect of lithium chloride on testicular steroidogenesis and gametogenic functions in male albino rats. Life Sci. 1990, 46: 127-137.","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"291_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod30.2.323","volume":"30","author":"JG Alvarez","year":"1984","unstructured":"Alvarez JG, Story BT: Assessment of cell damage caused by spontaneous lipid peroxidation in rabbit spermatozoa. Biol Reprod. 1984, 30: 323-331.","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"291_CR25","first-page":"319","volume":"118C","author":"L Samanta","year":"1997","unstructured":"Samanta L, Chainy GBN: Comparison of hexachloro-cyclohexane induced oxidative stress in the testis of immature and adult rats. Comp Biochem Physiol. 1997, 118C: 319-327.","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol"},{"key":"291_CR26","first-page":"67","volume-title":"Methods of Hormone Radioimmunoassay","author":"NR Moudgal","year":"1974","unstructured":"Moudgal NR, Madhwa Raj HG: Pituitary gonadotrophins. Methods of Hormone Radioimmunoassay. Edited by: Jaffe BM, Behrman HR. 1974, New York: Academic Press, 67-85."},{"key":"291_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1042\/bj0890114","volume":"89","author":"FO Greenwood","year":"1964","unstructured":"Greenwood FO, Hunter WM, Glover JS: The preparation of 131I labeled human growth hormone of high specific activity. Biochem J. 1964, 89: 114-123.","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"291_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod65.2.532","volume":"65","author":"A Tohda","year":"2001","unstructured":"Tohda A, Matsumiya K, Tadokoro Y: Testosterone spermatogenesis in juvenile spermatogonial depletion (jsd) mice. Biol Reprod. 2001, 65: 532-537.","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"291_CR29","first-page":"55","volume-title":"Orientation training course on research methodology in reproductive biomedicine","author":"TG Srivastava","year":"2002","unstructured":"Srivastava TG: Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for steroid hormones. Orientation training course on research methodology in reproductive biomedicine. 2002, New Delhi: National Institute of Health and Family Welfare, 55-58."},{"key":"291_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-74-4-653","volume":"74","author":"D Glic","year":"1964","unstructured":"Glic D, Dorothy Van R, Lavine S: Fluorometric determination of corticosterone and cortisol in 0.02\u20130.05 milliliters or sub-milligram samples of adrenal tissue. Endocrinology. 1964, 74: 653-657.","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"291_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470110324.ch3","volume-title":"Methods in biochemical analysis","author":"RH Silber","year":"1966","unstructured":"Silber RH: Fluorometric analysis of corticoids. Methods in biochemical analysis. Edited by: Glic D. 1966, New York: Interscience Publishers, 63-"},{"key":"291_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(62)05269-6","volume-title":"Methods in Enzymology","author":"P Talalay","year":"1962","unstructured":"Talalay P: Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Methods in Enzymology. Edited by: Colowick SP, Kaplan NO. 1962, New York: Academic Press, 512-516."},{"key":"291_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)93926-8","volume":"237","author":"J Jarabak","year":"1962","unstructured":"Jarabak J, Adams JA, Williams-Ashman HG, Talalay P: Purification of a 17\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase of human placenta and studies on its transhydrogenase function. J Biol Chem. 1962, 237: 345-357.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"291_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1530\/acta.0.0720376","volume":"72","author":"T Vanha-Perttula","year":"1973","unstructured":"Vanha-Perttula T, Nikkanen V: Acid phosphatases of the rat testis in experimental conditions. Acta Endocrinol. 1973, 72: 376-390.","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol"},{"key":"291_CR35","first-page":"639","volume-title":"Methods in Enzymology Volume IX","author":"M Malymy","year":"1966","unstructured":"Malymy M, Horecker BL: Alkaline phosphatase. Methods in Enzymology Volume IX. 1966, New York: Academy Press, 639-642."},{"key":"291_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1994.tb21828.x","volume":"738","author":"KP Mohonakumar","year":"1994","unstructured":"Mohonakumar KP, deBartelomies A, Wu RM, Yeh KJ, Sternberger LM, Peng SY, Murphy DL, Chiueh CC: Ferrous citrate complex and nigral degeneration: evidence for free radical formation and lipid peroxidation. Annals NY Acad Sci. 1994, 738: 392-399.","journal-title":"Annals NY Acad Sci"},{"key":"291_CR37","volume-title":"Statistics in Biology and Psychology","author":"D Das","year":"1998","unstructured":"Das D, Das A: Statistics in Biology and Psychology. 1998, Calcutta: Academic Publisher"},{"key":"291_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.1981.tb00595.x","volume":"2","author":"RP Aman","year":"1982","unstructured":"Aman RP: A critical review of methods for evaluation of spermatogenesis from seminal characteristics. J Androl. 1982, 2: 37-38.","journal-title":"J Androl"},{"key":"291_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8457219","volume":"57","author":"RE Chapin","year":"1984","unstructured":"Chapin RE, Lamb JC: Effect of ethylene glycol monoethyl ether on various parameters of testicular function in the F344 rats. Environ Health Perspectives. 1984, 57: 219-224.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspectives"},{"key":"291_CR40","first-page":"33","volume":"89","author":"HJ Van der Molen","year":"1981","unstructured":"Van der Molen HJ, Brinkmann AO, Jong FH, Romerts FF: Testicular oestrogens. J Endocrinol. 1981, 89: 33-45.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"291_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199410203311604","volume":"331","author":"EP Smith","year":"1994","unstructured":"Smith EP, Boyd JB, Frank GR, Takahashii H, Cohen RM, Specker B, William TC, Lubahn DB, Korach SK: Estrogen resistance caused by a mutation in the estrogen-receptor gene in a man. New Engl J Med. 1994, 331: 1056-1061.","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"291_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.3109\/07853890108995952","volume":"33","author":"BT Akinbemi","year":"2001","unstructured":"Akinbemi BT, Hardy MP: Oestrogenic and antiandrogenic chemicals in the environment: effects on male reproductive health. Ann Med. 2001, 33: 391-403.","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"key":"291_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-3-51","volume":"3","author":"BT Akinbemi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Akinbemi BT: Estrogen regulation of testicular function. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2005, 3: 51-64.","journal-title":"Reprod Biol Endocrinol"},{"key":"291_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2005.07.011","volume":"73","author":"K Jana","year":"2006","unstructured":"Jana K, Samanta PK: Evaluation of single intratesticular injection of calcium chloride for non-surgical sterilization in adult albino rats. Contraception. 2006, 73: 289-300.","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"291_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2004.05.021","volume":"86","author":"K Jana","year":"2005","unstructured":"Jana K, Ghosh D, Samanta PK: Evaluation of single intratesticular injection of calcium chloride for non-surgical sterilization of male goats (Capra hircus): a dose-dependent study. Anim Reprod Sci. 2005, 86: 89-108.","journal-title":"Anim Reprod Sci"},{"key":"291_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-104-4-912","volume":"104","author":"MJ Shaw","year":"1979","unstructured":"Shaw MJ, Georgapouls LE, Payne AH: Synergistic effect of FSH and LH and testicular \u03945, 3\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase isomerase. Application of a new method for the separation of testicular compartments. Endocrinology. 1979, 104: 912-918.","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"291_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0760175","volume":"76","author":"JB Kerr","year":"1986","unstructured":"Kerr JB, Sharpe RM: Effects and interaction of LH and LHRH agonist on testicular morphology and function in hypophysectomized rats. J Reprod Fertil. 1986, 76: 175-192.","journal-title":"J Reprod Fertil"},{"key":"291_CR48","first-page":"331","volume":"82","author":"AK Chowdhury","year":"1979","unstructured":"Chowdhury AK: Dependence of testicular germ cells on hormones: a quantitative study in hypophysectomized testosterone treated rats. J Androl. 1979, 82: 331-340.","journal-title":"J Androl"},{"key":"291_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.51.2.260","volume":"51","author":"HE Kulin","year":"1973","unstructured":"Kulin HE, Reiter EO: Gonadotrophins during childhood and adolescence: a review. Pediatrics. 1973, 51: 260-271.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"291_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1170019","volume":"117","author":"RM Sharpe","year":"1988","unstructured":"Sharpe RM, Donachie k, Cooper I: Re-evaluation of the intratesticular level of testosterone required for quantitative maintenance of spermatogenesis in the rat. J Endocrinol. 1988, 117: 19-26.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"291_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.1992.tb01653.x","volume":"13","author":"RM Sharpe","year":"1992","unstructured":"Sharpe RM, Maddocks S, Millar M, Saunders PTK, Kerr JB, Mckinnell C: Testosterone and spermatogenesis: identification of stage dependent, androgen- regulated proteins secreted by adult rat seminiferous tubules. J Androl. 1992, 13: 172-184.","journal-title":"J Androl"},{"key":"291_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3809","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.142.9.8375","volume":"142","author":"JM Kim","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kim JM, Ghosh SR, Weil ACP, Zirkin BR: Caspase- 3 and caspase- activated dioxyribonuclease are associated with testicular germ cell apoptosis resulting from reduced intratesticular testosterone. Endocrinology. 2001, 142: 3809-3816.","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"291_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2605.1998.00109.x","volume":"21","author":"J Blanco- Rodriguez","year":"1998","unstructured":"Blanco- Rodriguez J, Martinez- Garcia C: Apoptosis precedes detachment of germ cells from the seminiferous epithelium after hormonal suppression by short-term oestradiol treatment of rats. Int J Androl. 1998, 21: 109-115.","journal-title":"Int J Androl"},{"key":"291_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-110-5-1618","volume":"110","author":"GB Ellis","year":"1982","unstructured":"Ellis GB, Desjardins C: Male rats secrete luteinizing hormone and testosterone episodically. Endocrinology. 1982, 110: 1637-1648.","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"291_CR55","first-page":"93","volume":"3","author":"L Bernstam","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bernstam L, Nriagu J: Molecular aspects of arsenic stress. J Toxicol Environ Halth Prt- b- Critl Rev. 2000, 3: 93-322.","journal-title":"J Toxicol Environ Halth Prt- b- Critl Rev"},{"key":"291_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-121-2-561","volume":"121","author":"FA Kamel","year":"1987","unstructured":"Kamel FA, Kubajak CL: Modulation of gonadotrophin secretion by corticosterone interaction with gonadal steroids and mechanism of action. Endocrinology. 1987, 121: 561-565.","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"291_CR57","first-page":"09","volume":"125","author":"TH Bombino","year":"1989","unstructured":"Bombino TH, Hsueh AJW: Direct effect of glucocorticoids upon testicular luteinizing hormone receptor and steroidogenesis in vivo and in vitro. Endocrinology. 1989, 125: 09-216.","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"291_CR58","first-page":"509","volume":"37","author":"R Kaur","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kaur R, Dhanuju CK, Kaur K: Effect of dietary selenium on biochemical composition in rat testis. Ind J Exp Biol. 1999, 37: 509-511.","journal-title":"Ind J Exp Biol"},{"key":"291_CR59","first-page":"67","volume":"28","author":"S Srivastava","year":"1990","unstructured":"Srivastava S, Sing GB, Srivastava SP, Seth PK: Testicular toxicity of di- n- butyl phthalate in adult rats: effect on marker enzymes of spermatogenesis. Ind J Exp Biol. 1990, 28: 67-70.","journal-title":"Ind J Exp Biol"},{"key":"291_CR60","first-page":"363","volume":"34","author":"P Srivastava","year":"1996","unstructured":"Srivastava P, Vijayan E: Testicular lactate dehydrogenase and sorbitol dehydrogenase activity after intratesticular injection of dymorphin and morphin in male rats. Ind J Exp Biol. 1996, 34: 363-365.","journal-title":"Ind J Exp Biol"},{"key":"291_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1159\/000122737","volume":"25","author":"E Vijayan","year":"1978","unstructured":"Vijayan E, McCann SM: Re-valuation of the role of catecholamines in control of gonadotrophin and prolactin release. Neuroendocrinology. 1978, 25: 150-165.","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"291_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-56-4-720","volume":"56","author":"AM Matsumoto","year":"1983","unstructured":"Matsumoto AM, Paulson CA, Hopper BR, Rebar RW, Bremner WJ: Human chorionic gonadotrophin and testicular function: stimulation of testosterone, testosterone precursors, and sperm production despite high estradiol levels. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1983, 56: 720-728.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"291_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.1985.tb00829.x","volume":"6","author":"AM Matsumoto","year":"1985","unstructured":"Matsumoto AM, Bremner WJ: Stimulation of sperm production by human chorionic gonadotrophin after prolonged gonadotrophin suppression in normal men. J Androl. 1985, 6: 137-143.","journal-title":"J Androl"},{"key":"291_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1190075","volume":"119","author":"S Chatterjee","year":"1988","unstructured":"Chatterjee S, Ray A, Ghosh S, Bhattercharya K, Pakrashi A, Deb C: Effect of aldrin on spermatogenesis, plasma gonadotrophins and testosterone, and testicular testosterone in the rat. J Endocrinol. 1988, 119: 75-81.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"291_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4731(89)90493-7","volume":"33","author":"AM Matsumoto","year":"1989","unstructured":"Matsumoto AM, Bremner WJ: Endocrine control of human spermatogenesis. J Steroid Biochem. 1989, 33: 789-790.","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem"},{"key":"291_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-62-6-1184","volume":"62","author":"AM Matsumoto","year":"1986","unstructured":"Matsumoto AM, Karpas AE, Bremer WJ: Chronic human chorionic gonadotrophin administration in normal men: evidence that follicle- stimulating hormone is necessary for the maintenance of quantitatively normal spermatogenesis in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1986, 62: 1184-1192.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"291_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/0040-8166(81)90011-2","volume":"13","author":"LD Russell","year":"1981","unstructured":"Russell LD, Malone JP, Karpas SL: Morphological pattern elicited by agents affecting spermatogenesis by disruption of its hormonal stimulation. Tissue Cell. 1981, 13: 369-380.","journal-title":"Tissue Cell"},{"key":"291_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-122-5-1842","volume":"122","author":"MA Shupnik","year":"1988","unstructured":"Shupnik MA, Gharib SD, Chin WW: Estrogen suppresses rat gonadotrophin gene transcription in vivo. Endocrinology. 1988, 122: 1842-1846.","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"291_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5866","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-0092","volume":"90","author":"S Ramaswamy","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ramaswamy S: Pubertal augmentation in juvenile Rhesus monkey testosterone production induced by invariant gonadotrophin stimulation is inhibited by estrogen. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005, 90: 5866-5875.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"291_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1210\/er.22.3.289","volume":"22","author":"L O'Donnell","year":"2001","unstructured":"O'Donnell L, Robertson KM, Jones ME, Simpson ER: Estrogen and spermatogenesis. Endocrine Rev. 2001, 22: 289-318.","journal-title":"Endocrine Rev"},{"key":"291_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.136.1.7828558","volume":"136","author":"H Billing","year":"1995","unstructured":"Billing H, Furuta I, River C, Tapanainen J, Parvinen M, Hsueh JW: Apoptosis in testis germ cells: developmental changes in gonadotrophin dependence and localization to selective tubule stages. Endocrinology. 1995, 136: 5-12.","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"291_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3285","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.136.8.7628362","volume":"136","author":"E Henriksen","year":"1995","unstructured":"Henriksen E, Hakovirta H, Parvinen M: Testosterone inhibits and induces apoptosis in rat seminiferous tubules in a stage specific manner: in-situ quantification in squash preparations after administration of ethane dimethen sulfonate. Endocrinology. 1995, 136: 3285-3291.","journal-title":"Endocrinology"}],"container-title":["Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1477-7827-4-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,3]],"date-time":"2024-02-03T00:21:27Z","timestamp":1706919687000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/rbej.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1477-7827-4-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,16]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]}},"alternative-id":["291"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1477-7827-4-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1477-7827"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1477-7827","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 November 2005","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 February 2006","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 February 2006","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"9"}}