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The possible effects of <jats:italic>in utero<\/jats:italic> protein restriction on sexual development of rat male offspring were evaluated in the present study.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              <jats:italic>Pregnant<\/jats:italic> Wistar rats were divided into two experimental groups: one group treated with standard chow (SC, n = 8, 17% protein) and the other group treated with hypoproteic chow (HC, n = 10, 6% protein) throughout gestation. After gestation the two experimental groups received standard chow. To evaluate the possible late reproductive effects of <jats:italic>in utero<\/jats:italic> protein restriction, the male offspring of both groups were assessed at different phases of sexual development: prepubertal (30 days old); peripubertal (60 days old); adult (90 days old). Student's t-test and Mann-Whitney test were utilized. Differences were considered significant when p &lt; 0.05.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>We found that <jats:italic>in utero<\/jats:italic> protein restriction reduced the body weight of male pups on the first postnatal day and during the different sexual development phases (prepubertal, peripubertal and adult). During adulthood, Sertoli cell number, sperm motility and sperm counts in the testis and epididymal cauda were also reduced in HC. Furthermore, the numbers of sperm presenting morphological abnormalities and cytoplasmic drop retention were higher in HC.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>In conclusion, <jats:italic>in utero<\/jats:italic> protein restriction, under these experimental conditions, causes growth delay and alters male reproductive-system programming in rats, suggesting impairment of sperm quality in adulthood.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-9-94","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,24]],"date-time":"2011-06-24T18:20:55Z","timestamp":1308939655000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["In utero protein restriction causes growth delay and alters sperm parameters in adult male rats"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Fab\u00edola C","family":"Toledo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliana E","family":"Perobelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fl\u00e1via PC","family":"Pedrosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janete A","family":"Anselmo-Franci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wilma DG","family":"Kempinas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"865_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-879X2000000700002","volume":"33","author":"N Ashton","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ashton N: Perinatal development and adult blood pressure. 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