{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T23:41:13Z","timestamp":1791848473337,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Transl Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The traditional smallpox vaccine, administered by scarification, was discontinued in the general population from 1980, because of the absence of new smallpox cases. However, the development of an effective prophylactic vaccine against smallpox is still necessary, to protect from the threat of deliberate release of the variola virus for bioterrorism and from new zoonotic infections, and to improve the safety of the traditional vaccine. Preventive vaccination still remains the most effective control and new vectors have been developed to generate recombinant vaccines against smallpox that induce the same immunogenicity as the traditional one. As protective antibodies are mainly directed against the surface proteins of the two infectious forms of vaccinia, the intracellular mature virions and the extracellular virions, combined proteins from these viral forms can be used to better elicit a complete and protective immunity.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Four novel viral recombinants were constructed based on the fowlpox genetic background, which independently express the vaccinia virus L1 and A27 proteins present on the mature virions, and the A33 and B5 proteins present on the extracellular virions. The correct expression of the transgenes was determined by RT-PCR, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results and conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Using immunoprecipitation and Western blotting, the ability of the proteins expressed by the four novel FP<jats:sub>\n                <jats:italic>L1R<\/jats:italic>\n              <\/jats:sub>, FP<jats:sub>\n                <jats:italic>A27L<\/jats:italic>\n              <\/jats:sub>, FP<jats:sub>\n                <jats:italic>A33R<\/jats:italic>\n              <\/jats:sub> and FP<jats:sub>\n                <jats:italic>B5R<\/jats:italic>\n              <\/jats:sub> recombinants to be recognized by VV-specific hyperimmune mouse sera was demonstrated. By neutralisation assays, recombinant virus particles released by infected chick embryo fibroblasts were shown not be recognised by hyperimmune sera. This thus demonstrates that the <jats:italic>L1R, A27L, A33R<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>B5R<\/jats:italic> gene products are not inserted into the new viral progeny. Fowlpox virus replicates only in avian species, but it is permissive for entry and transgene expression in mammalian cells, while being immunologically non\u2013cross-reactive with vaccinia virus. These recombinants might therefore represent safer and more promising immunogens that can circumvent neutralisation by vector-generated immunity in smallpox-vaccine-experienced humans.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5876-11-95","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,11]],"date-time":"2013-04-11T16:14:38Z","timestamp":1365696878000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["L1R, A27L, A33R and B5R vaccinia virus genes expressed by fowlpox recombinants as putative novel orthopoxvirus vaccines"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Sole Maria","family":"Pacchioni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Bissa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Zanotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo De Giuli","family":"Morghen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Illiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonia","family":"Radaelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"1491_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-3542(02)00195-X","volume":"57","author":"RJ Whitley","year":"2003","unstructured":"Whitley RJ: Smallpox: a potential agent of bioterrorism. Antiviral Res. 2003, 57: 7-12. 10.1016\/S0166-3542(02)00195-X.","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"key":"1491_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-1227","volume":"92","author":"S Vogel","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vogel S, Sardy M, Glos KKHC, Ruzicka T, Wollenberg A: The Munich outbreak of cutaneous cowpox infection: transmission by infected pet rats. Acta Derm Venereol. 2012, 92: 126-131. 10.2340\/00015555-1227.","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"1491_CR3","first-page":"1513","volume":"17","author":"G Cardeti","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cardeti G, Brozzi A, Eleni C, Polici N, D'Alterio G, Carletti F, Scicluna MT, Castilletti C, Capobianchi M, Di Caro A, Autorino GL, Amaddeo D: Cowpox virus in llama, Italy. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011, 17: 1513-1515.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"1491_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1801.110692","volume":"18","author":"J Megid","year":"2012","unstructured":"Megid J, Borges IA, Trindade GS, Appolin\u00e1rio CM, Ribeiro MG, Allendorf SD, Antunes JM, Silva-Fernandes AT, Kroon EG: Vaccinia virus zoonotic infection, S\u00e3o Paulo State, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012, 18: 189-191.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"1491_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1097\/00001432-200404000-00003","volume":"17","author":"S Lewis-Jones","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lewis-Jones S: Zoonotic poxvirus infections in humans. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2004, 17: 81-89. 10.1097\/00001432-200404000-00003.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"1491_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2006.09.046","volume":"25","author":"I Wiser","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wiser I, Balicer RD, Cohen D: An update on smallpox vaccine candidates and their role in bioterrorism related vaccination strategies. Vaccine. 2007, 25: 976-984. 10.1016\/j.vaccine.2006.09.046.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"1491_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-3542(03)00008-1","volume":"58","author":"M Bray","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bray M: Pathogenesis and potential antiviral therapy of complications of smallpox vaccination. Antiviral Res. 2003, 58: 101-114. 10.1016\/S0166-3542(03)00008-1.","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"key":"1491_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1126\/science.304.5672.809a","volume":"304","author":"M Enserink","year":"2004","unstructured":"Enserink M: Smallpox Vaccines: Looking Beyond the Next Generation. Science. 2004, 304: 809-","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1491_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2006.03.087","volume":"24","author":"J Kenner","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kenner J, Cameron F, Empig C, Jobes DV, Gurwith M: LC16m8: an attenuated smallpox vaccine. Vaccine. 2006, 24: 7009-7022. 10.1016\/j.vaccine.2006.03.087.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"1491_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02331","volume":"428","author":"PL Earl","year":"2004","unstructured":"Earl PL, Americo JL, Wyatt LS, Eller LA, Whitbeck JC, Cohen GH, Eisenberg RJ, Hartmann CJ, Jackson D, Kulesh DA, Martinez MJ, Miller DM, Mucker EM, Shamblin JD, Zwiers SH, Huggins JW, Jahrling PB, Moss B: Immunogenicity of a highly attenuated MVA smallpox vaccine and protection against monkeypox. Nature. 2004, 428: 182-185. 10.1038\/nature02331.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1491_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7845","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.12.7845-7851.2005","volume":"79","author":"KJ Stittelaar","year":"2005","unstructured":"Stittelaar KJ, van Amerongen G, Kondova I, Kuiken T, van Lavieren RF, Pistoor FH, Niesters HG, van Doornum G, van der Zeijst BA, Mateo L, Chaplin PJ, Osterhaus ADME: Modified vaccinia virus Ankara protects macaques against respiratory challenge with monkeypox virus. J Virol. 2005, 79: 7845-7851. 10.1128\/JVI.79.12.7845-7851.2005.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"1491_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4590","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0401165101","volume":"101","author":"LS Wyatt","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wyatt LS, Earl PL, Eller LA, Moss B: Highly attenuated smallpox vaccine protects mice with and without immune deficiencies against pathogenic vaccinia virus challenge. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004, 101: 4590-4595. 10.1073\/pnas.0401165101.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"1491_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9458","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1233578100","volume":"100","author":"IM Belyakov","year":"2003","unstructured":"Belyakov IM, Earl P, Dzutsev A, Kuznetsov VA, Lemon M, Wyatt LS, Snyder JT, Ahlers JD, Franchini G, Moss B, Berzofsky JA: Shared modes of protection against poxvirus infection by attenuated and conventional smallpox vaccine viruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003, 100: 9458-9463. 10.1073\/pnas.1233578100.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"1491_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-79-5-1159","volume":"79","author":"TJ Blanchard","year":"1998","unstructured":"Blanchard TJ, Alcami A, Andrea P, Smith GL: Modified vaccinia virus Ankara undergoes limited replication in human cells and lacks several immunomodulatory proteins: implications for use as a human vaccine. J Gen Virol. 1998, 79: 1159-1167.","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"1491_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.12.059","volume":"26","author":"A Ferrier-Rembert","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ferrier-Rembert A, Drillien R, Tournier JN, Garin D, Crance JM: Short- and long-term immunogenicity and protection induced by non-replicating smallpox vaccine candidates in mice and comparison with the traditional 1st generation vaccine. Vaccine. 2008, 26: 1794-1804. 10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.12.059.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"1491_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.07.103","volume":"27","author":"RB Kennedy","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kennedy RB, Ovsyannikova I, Poland GA: Smallpox vaccines for biodefense. Vaccine. 2009, 27: D73-D79.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"1491_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.09.133","volume":"28","author":"JW Hooper","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hooper JW, Ferro AM, Golden JW, Silvera P, Dudek J, Alterson K, Custer DM, Rivers B, Morris J, Owens G, Smith JF, Kamrud KI: Molecular smallpox vaccine delivered by alphavirus replicons elicits protective immunity in mice and non-human primates. Vaccine. 2010, 28: 494-511.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"1491_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1086\/427265","volume":"191","author":"Y Edghill-Smith","year":"2005","unstructured":"Edghill-Smith Y, Bray M, Whitehouse CA, Miller D, Mucker E, Manischewitz J, King LR, Robert-Guroff M, Hryniewicz A, Venzon D, Meseda C, Weir J, Nalca A, Livingston V, Wells J, Lewis MG, Huggins J, Zwiers SH, Golding H, Franchini G: Smallpox vaccine does not protect macaques with AIDS from a lethal monkeypox virus challenge. J Infect Dis. 2005, 191: 372-381. 10.1086\/427265.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"1491_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2915","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-83-12-2915","volume":"83","author":"GL Smith","year":"2002","unstructured":"Smith GL, Vanderplasschen A, Law M: The formation and function of extracellular enveloped vaccinia virus. J Gen Virol. 2002, 83: 2915-2931.","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"1491_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2008.07.009","volume":"16","author":"KL Roberts","year":"2008","unstructured":"Roberts KL, Smith GL: Vaccinia virus morphogenesis and dissemination. Trends Microbiol. 2008, 16: 472-479. 10.1016\/j.tim.2008.07.009.","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"1491_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2010.00975.x","volume":"239","author":"B Moss","year":"2011","unstructured":"Moss B: Smallpox vaccines: targets of protective immunity. Immunol Rev. 2011, 239: 8-26. 10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2010.00975.x.","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"1491_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(02)00038-7","volume":"306","author":"JW Hooper","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hooper JW, Custer DM, Thompson E: Four-gene-combination DNA vaccine protects mice against a lethal vaccinia virus challenge and elicitis appropriate antibody responses in nonhuman primates. Virology. 2002, 306: 181-195.","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"1491_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10230","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.19.10230-10237.2004","volume":"78","author":"C Fogg","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fogg C, Lustig S, Whitbeck JC, Eisenberg RJ, Cohen GH, Moss B: Protective immunity to vaccinia virus induced by vaccination with multiple recombinant outer membrane proteins of intracellular and extracellular virions. J Virol. 2004, 78: 10230-10237. 10.1128\/JVI.78.19.10230-10237.2004.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"1491_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1261","volume":"11","author":"Y Edghill-Smith","year":"2005","unstructured":"Edghill-Smith Y, Golding H, Manischewitz J, King LR, Scott D, Bray M, Nalca A, Hooper JW, Whitehouse CA, Schmitz JE, Franchini G: Smallpox vaccine-induced antibodies are necessary and sufficient for protection against monkeypox virus. Nat Med. 2005, 11: 740-747. 10.1038\/nm1261.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"1491_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2009.110","volume":"88","author":"V Panchanathan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Panchanathan V, Chaudhri G, Karupiah G: Antiviral protection following immunization correlates with humoral but not cell-mediated immunity. Immunol Cell Biol. 2010, 88: 461-467. 10.1038\/icb.2009.110.","journal-title":"Immunol Cell Biol"},{"key":"1491_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4433","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.9.4433-4443.2004","volume":"78","author":"JW Hooper","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hooper JW, Thompson E, Wilhelmsen C, Zimmerman M, Ichou MA, Steffen SE, Schmaljohn CS, Schmaljohn AL, Jahrling PB: Smallpox DNA vaccine protects nonhuman primates against lethal monkeypox. J Virol. 2004, 78: 4433-4443. 10.1128\/JVI.78.9.4433-4443.2004.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"1491_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.04.017","volume":"26","author":"JW Golden","year":"2008","unstructured":"Golden JW, Josleyn MD, Hooper JW: Targeting the vaccinia virus L1 protein to the cell surface enhances production of neutralizing antibodies. Vaccine. 2008, 26: 3507-3515. 10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.04.017.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"1491_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2010.07.005","volume":"88","author":"C Zanotto","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zanotto C, Pozzi E, Pacchioni S, Volont\u00e9 L, De Giuli Morghen C, Radaelli A: Canarypox and fowlpox viruses as recombinant vaccine vectors: a biological and immunological comparison. Antiviral Res. 2010, 88: 53-63. 10.1016\/j.antiviral.2010.07.005.","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"key":"1491_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/0264-410X(88)90100-4","volume":"6","author":"J Taylor","year":"1988","unstructured":"Taylor J, Weinberg R, Languet B, Desmettre P, Paoletti E: Recombinant fowlpox virus inducing protective immunity in nonavian species. Vaccine. 1988, 6: 497-503. 10.1016\/0264-410X(88)90100-4.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"1491_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1016\/0264-410X(94)90180-5","volume":"12","author":"A Radaelli","year":"1994","unstructured":"Radaelli A, De Giuli MC: Expression of HIV-1 envelope gene by recombinant avipoxvirus. Vaccine. 1994, 12: 1101-1109. 10.1016\/0264-410X(94)90180-5.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"1491_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1702(94)90078-7","volume":"32","author":"RJ Parks","year":"1994","unstructured":"Parks RJ, Krell PJ, Derbyshire JB, Nagy E: Studies of fowlpox virus recombination in the generation of recombinant vaccines. Virus Res. 1994, 32: 283-297. 10.1016\/0168-1702(94)90078-7.","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"1491_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2009.01.021","volume":"158","author":"E Pozzi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pozzi E, Basavecchia V, Zanotto C, Pacchioni S, De Giuli Morghen C, Radaelli A: Construction and characterization of recombinant fowlpox viruses expressing human papilloma virus E6 and E7 oncoproteins. J Virol Methods. 2009, 158: 184-189. 10.1016\/j.jviromet.2009.01.021.","journal-title":"J Virol Methods"},{"key":"1491_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2012.09.009","volume":"187","author":"M Bissa","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bissa M, Pacchioni S, Zanotto C, De Giuli Morghen C, Radaelli A: GFP co-expression reduces the A33R gene expression driven by a fowlpox vector in replication permissive and non-permissive cell lines. J Virol Methods. 2013, 187: 172-176. 10.1016\/j.jviromet.2012.09.009.","journal-title":"J Virol Methods"},{"key":"1491_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.60.2.436-449.1986","volume":"60","author":"JL Rosel","year":"1986","unstructured":"Rosel JL, Earl PL, Weir J, Moss B: Conserved TAAATG Sequence at the Transcriptional and Translational Initiation Sites of Vaccinia Virus Late Genes Deduced by Structural and Functional Analysis of the Hindlll H Genome Fragment. J Virol. 1986, 60: 436-449.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"1491_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5876-9-190","volume":"9","author":"C Zanotto","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zanotto C, Pozzi E, Pacchioni S, Bissa M, De Giuli Morghen C, Radaelli A: Construction and characterisation of a recombinant fowlpox virus that expresses the human papilloma virus L1 protein. J Transl Med. 2011, 9: 190-200. 10.1186\/1479-5876-9-190.","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"1491_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-010-0663-7","volume":"155","author":"S Pacchioni","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pacchioni S, Volont\u00e9 L, Zanotto C, Pozzi E, De Giuli Morghen C, Radaelli A: Canarypox and fowlpox viruses as recombinant vaccine vectors: an ultrastructural comparative analysis. Arch Virol. 2010, 155: 915-924. 10.1007\/s00705-010-0663-7.","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"1491_CR37","unstructured":"Rasband WS: U.S. National Institutes of Health. Bethesda, Maryland, USA,http:\/\/rsb.info.nih.gov\/ij\/,"},{"key":"1491_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2012.08.007","volume":"170","author":"A Radaelli","year":"2012","unstructured":"Radaelli A, De Giuli Morghen C, Zanotto C, Pacchioni S, Bissa M, Franconi R, Massa S, Paolini F, Muller A, Venuti A: A prime\/boost strategy by DNA\/fowlpox recombinants expressing a mutant E7 protein for the immunotherapy of HPV-associated cancers. Virus Res. 2012, 170: 44-52. 10.1016\/j.virusres.2012.08.007.","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"1491_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(86)90405-8","volume":"148","author":"S Wilton","year":"1986","unstructured":"Wilton S, Gordon J, Dale S: Identification of antigenic determinants by polyclonal and hybridoma antibodies induced during the course of infection by vaccinia virus. Virology. 1986, 148: 84-96. 10.1016\/0042-6822(86)90405-8.","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"1491_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0703.017311","volume":"7","author":"YJ Hutin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hutin YJ, Williams RJ, Malfait P, Pebody R, Loparev VN, Ropp SL, Rodriguez M, Knight JC, Tshioko FK, Khan AS, Szczeniowski MV, Esposito JJ: Outbreak of human monkeypox, Democratic Republic of Congo, 1996 to 1997. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012, 7: 434-438.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"1491_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa032299","volume":"350","author":"KD Reed","year":"2004","unstructured":"Reed KD, Melski JW, Graham MB, Regnery RL, Sotir MJ, Wegner MV, Kazmierczak JJ, Stratman EJ, Li Y, Fairley JA, Swain GR, Olson VA, Sargent EK, Kehl SC, Frace MA, Kline R, Foldy SL, Davis JP, Damon IK: The detection of monkeypox in humans in the Western Hemisphere. New Engl J Med. 2004, 350: 342-350. 10.1056\/NEJMoa032299.","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"1491_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2007.00995.x","volume":"54","author":"C Schulze","year":"2007","unstructured":"Schulze C, Alex M, Schirrmeier H, Hlinak A, Engelhardt A, Koschinski B, Beyreiss B, Hoffmann M, Czerny CP: Generalized fatal Cowpox virus infection in a cat with transmission to a human contact case. Zoonoses Public Health. 2007, 54: 31-37. 10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2007.00995.x.","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"1491_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.09-0716","volume":"82","author":"MG Reynolds","year":"2010","unstructured":"Reynolds MG, Carroll DS, Olson VA, Hughes C, Galley J, Likos A, Montgomery JM, Suu-Ire R, Kwasi MO, Jeffrey Root J, Braden Z, Abel J, Clemmons C, Regnery R, Karem K, Damon IK: A silent enzootic of an orthopoxvirus in Ghana, West Africa: evidence for multi-species involvement in the absence of widespread human disease. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2010, 82: 746-754. 10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.09-0716.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"1491_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16262","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1005769107","volume":"107","author":"AW Rimoin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rimoin AW, Mulembakani PM, Johnston SC, Lloyd Smith JO, Kisalu NK, Kinkela TL, Blumberg S, Thomassen HA, Pike BL, Wolfe ND, Shongo RL, Graham BS, Formenty P, Okitolonda E, Hensley LE, Meyer H, Wright LL, Muyembe JJ: Major increase in human monkeypox incidence 30\u2009years after smallpox vaccination campaigns cease in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2010, 107: 16262-16267. 10.1073\/pnas.1005769107.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"1491_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.2217\/17460913.2.1.17","volume":"2","author":"S Parker","year":"2007","unstructured":"Parker S, Nuara A, Buller RML, Schultz DA: Human monkeypox: an emerging zoonotic disease. Future Microbiol. 2007, 2: 17-34. 10.2217\/17460913.2.1.17.","journal-title":"Future Microbiol"},{"key":"1491_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1126\/science.277.5324.312","volume":"277","author":"J Cohen","year":"1997","unstructured":"Cohen J: Is an old virus up to new tricks?. Science. 1997, 277: 312-313. 10.1126\/science.277.5324.312.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1491_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10535","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.22.10535-10550.2000","volume":"74","author":"M Lorenzo","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lorenzo M, Galindo I, Griffiths G, Blasco R: Intracellular localization of vaccinia virus extracellular enveloped virus envelope proteins individually expressed using a Semliki Forest virus replicon. J Virol. 2000, 74: 10535-10550. 10.1128\/JVI.74.22.10535-10550.2000.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"1491_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2006.11.017","volume":"25","author":"JW Hooper","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hooper JW, Golden JW, Ferro AM, King AD: Smallpox DNA vaccine delivered by novel skin electroporation device protects mice against intranasal poxvirus challenge. Vaccine. 2007, 25: 1814-1823. 10.1016\/j.vaccine.2006.11.017.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"1491_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/0264-410X(92)90411-C","volume":"10","author":"D Baxby","year":"1992","unstructured":"Baxby D, Paoletti E: Potential use of nonreplicating vectors as recombinant vaccines. Vaccine. 1992, 10: 8-9. 10.1016\/0264-410X(92)90411-C.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"1491_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1586\/14760584.4.1.63","volume":"4","author":"MA Skinner","year":"2005","unstructured":"Skinner MA, Laidlaw SM, Eldaghayes I, Kaiser P, Cottingham MG: Fowlpox virus as a recombinant vaccine vector for use in mammals and poultry. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2005, 4: 63-76. 10.1586\/14760584.4.1.63.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines"}],"container-title":["Journal of Translational Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1479-5876-11-95.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T23:20:52Z","timestamp":1630538452000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/translational-medicine.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1479-5876-11-95"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,11]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1491"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1479-5876-11-95","relation":{},"ISSN":["1479-5876"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1479-5876","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 December 2012","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 April 2013","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 April 2013","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"95"}}