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Peripheral blood was collected prior to pegfilgrastim administration (day 0) and on days +7, +11 and +21, to quantify immunoregulatory cytokines and to assess type 1 DC (DC1), type 2 DC (DC2) and Treg cell mobilization.<jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>-differentiated, monocyte-derived DC were used to investigate endocytic activity, expression of DC maturation antigens and ability to activate allogeneic T-cell proliferation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pegfilgrastim increased the frequency of circulating DC1 and DC2 precursors. In contrast, CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>FoxP3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup><jats:italic>bona fide<\/jats:italic>Treg cells were unchanged compared with baseline. Serum levels of hepatocyte growth factor and interleukin (IL)-12p40, but not transforming growth factor-\u03b21 or immune suppressive kynurenines, significantly increased after pegfilgrastim administration. Interestingly, pegfilgrastim fostered<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>monocytic secretion of IL-12p40 and IL-12p70 when compared with unconjugated G-CSF. Finally, DC populations differentiated<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>after clinical provision of pegfilgrastim were phenotypically mature, possessed low endocytic activity, and incited a robust T-cell proliferative response.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pegfilgrastim induced significant changes in immune cell number and function. The enhancement of monocytic IL-12 secretion portends favorable implications for pegfilgrastim administration to patients with cancer, a clinical context where the induction of immune deviation would be highly undesirable.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5876-8-114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,9]],"date-time":"2010-11-09T19:23:07Z","timestamp":1289330587000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Effects of pegylated G-CSF on immune cell number and function in patients with gynecological malignancies"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Giuseppina","family":"Bonanno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annabella","family":"Procoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Mariotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Corallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Perillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvio","family":"Danese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raimondo","family":"De Cristofaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Scambia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Rutella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"536_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612043452613","volume":"10","author":"G Molineux","year":"2004","unstructured":"Molineux G: The design and development of pegfilgrastim (PEG-rmetHuG-CSF, Neulasta). 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