{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T03:07:09Z","timestamp":1792292829647,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,18]],"date-time":"2011-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1310947200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Transl Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5876-9-112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,8]],"date-time":"2011-09-08T15:45:38Z","timestamp":1315496738000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":159,"title":["Glycyrrhizin as antiviral agent against Hepatitis C Virus"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Usman A","family":"Ashfaq","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad S","family":"Masoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zafar","family":"Nawaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheikh","family":"Riazuddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"800_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62S","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510260711","volume":"26","author":"MJ Alter","year":"1997","unstructured":"Alter MJ: Epidemiology of hepatitis C. Hepatology. 1997, 26: 62S-65S. 10.1002\/hep.510260711.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"800_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)06102-5","volume":"358","author":"MP Manns","year":"2001","unstructured":"Manns MP, McHutchison JG, Gordon SC, Rustgi VK, Shiffman M, Reindollar R, Goodman ZD, Koury K, Ling M, Albrecht JK: Peginterferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin compared with interferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin for initial treatment of chronic hepatitis C: a randomised trial. Lancet. 2001, 358: 958-965. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)06102-5.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"800_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2493","DOI":"10.1007\/s007050050479","volume":"143","author":"B Robertson","year":"1998","unstructured":"Robertson B, Myers G, Howard C, Brettin T, Bukh J, Gaschen B, Gojobori T, Maertens G, Mizokami M, Nainan O: Classification, nomenclature, and database development for hepatitis C virus (HCV) and related viruses: proposals for standardization. International Committee on Virus Taxonomy. Arch Virol. 1998, 143: 2493-2503. 10.1007\/s007050050479.","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"issue":"Pt 10","key":"800_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2397","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-78-10-2397","volume":"78","author":"B Clarke","year":"1997","unstructured":"Clarke B: Molecular virology of hepatitis C virus. J Gen Virol. 1997, 78 (Pt 10): 2397-2410.","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"800_CR5","first-page":"55","volume":"242","author":"KE Reed","year":"2000","unstructured":"Reed KE, Rice CM: Overview of hepatitis C virus genome structure, polyprotein processing, and protein properties. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2000, 242: 55-84.","journal-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"800_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02171049","volume":"5","author":"M Kimura","year":"1992","unstructured":"Kimura M, Watanabe H, Abo T: Selective activation of extrathymic T cells in the liver by glycyrrhizin. Biotherapy. 1992, 5: 167-176. 10.1007\/BF02171049.","journal-title":"Biotherapy"},{"key":"800_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-3542(94)90033-7","volume":"23","author":"JM Crance","year":"1994","unstructured":"Crance JM, Leveque F, Biziagos E, van Cuyck-Gandre H, Jouan A, Deloince R: Studies on mechanism of action of glycyrrhizin against hepatitis A virus replication in vitro. Antiviral Res. 1994, 23: 63-76.","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"key":"800_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-3542(96)00942-4","volume":"30","author":"H Sato","year":"1996","unstructured":"Sato H, Goto W, Yamamura J, Kurokawa M, Kageyama S, Takahara T, Watanabe A, Shiraki K: Therapeutic basis of glycyrrhizin on chronic hepatitis B. Antiviral Res. 1996, 30: 171-177. 10.1016\/0166-3542(96)00942-4.","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"key":"800_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2007.08.012","volume":"576","author":"T Yoshida","year":"2007","unstructured":"Yoshida T, Abe K, Ikeda T, Matsushita T, Wake K, Sato T, Sato T, Inoue H: Inhibitory effect of glycyrrhizin on lipopolysaccharide and d-galactosamine-induced mouse liver injury. Eur J Pharmacol. 2007, 576: 136-142. 10.1016\/j.ejphar.2007.08.012.","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"800_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-6-13","volume":"6","author":"AR Zekri","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zekri AR, Bahnassy AA, El-Din HM, Salama HM: Consensus siRNA for inhibition of HCV genotype-4 replication. Virol J. 2009, 6: 13-10.1186\/1743-422X-6-13.","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"800_CR11","first-page":"4836","volume":"12","author":"MK el-Awady","year":"2006","unstructured":"el-Awady MK, Tabll AA, el-Abd YS, Bahgat MM, Shoeb HA, Youssef SS, Bader el-Din NG, Redwan el RM, el-Demellawy M, Omran MH: HepG2 cells support viral replication and gene expression of hepatitis C virus genotype 4 in vitro. World J Gastroenterol. 2006, 12: 4836-4842.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"800_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199811193392101","volume":"339","author":"JG McHutchison","year":"1998","unstructured":"McHutchison JG, Gordon SC, Schiff ER, Shiffman ML, Lee WM, Rustgi VK, Goodman ZD, Ling MH, Cort S, Albrecht JK: Interferon alfa-2b alone or in combination with ribavirin as initial treatment for chronic hepatitis C. Hepatitis Interventional Therapy Group. N Engl J Med. 1998, 339: 1485-1492. 10.1056\/NEJM199811193392101.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"800_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.140.2.215","volume":"140","author":"MM Moore","year":"2004","unstructured":"Moore MM, Elpern DJ, Carter DJ: Severe, generalized nummular eczema secondary to interferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin combination therapy in a patient with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Arch Dermatol. 2004, 140: 215-217. 10.1001\/archderm.140.2.215.","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"800_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-3542(87)90084-2","volume":"8","author":"M Amoros","year":"1987","unstructured":"Amoros M, Fauconnier B, Girre RL: In vitro antiviral activity of a saponin from Anagallis arvensis, Primulaceae, against herpes simplex virus and poliovirus. Antiviral Res. 1987, 8: 13-25. 10.1016\/0166-3542(87)90084-2.","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"key":"800_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(92)90294-Y","volume":"187","author":"XJ Yao","year":"1992","unstructured":"Yao XJ, Wainberg MA, Parniak MA: Mechanism of inhibition of HIV-1 infection in vitro by purified extract of Prunella vulgaris. Virology. 1992, 187: 56-62. 10.1016\/0042-6822(92)90294-Y.","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"800_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.1997.tb00416.x","volume":"12","author":"M Yoshikawa","year":"1997","unstructured":"Yoshikawa M, Matsui Y, Kawamoto H, Umemoto N, Oku K, Koizumi M, Yamao J, Kuriyama S, Nakano H, Hozumi N: Effects of glycyrrhizin on immune-mediated cytotoxicity. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1997, 12: 243-248. 10.1111\/j.1440-1746.1997.tb00416.x.","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"800_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.1992.tb00927.x","volume":"7","author":"Y Shiki","year":"1992","unstructured":"Shiki Y, Shirai K, Saito Y, Yoshida S, Mori Y, Wakashin M: Effect of glycyrrhizin on lysis of hepatocyte membranes induced by anti-liver cell membrane antibody. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1992, 7: 12-16. 10.1111\/j.1440-1746.1992.tb00927.x.","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"800_CR18","first-page":"1817","volume":"52","author":"Y Abe","year":"1994","unstructured":"Abe Y, Ueda T, Kato T, Kohli Y: [Effectiveness of interferon, glycyrrhizin combination therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C]. Nippon Rinsho. 1994, 52: 1817-1822.","journal-title":"Nippon Rinsho"},{"key":"800_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-3-68","volume":"3","author":"ME Shaneyfelt","year":"2006","unstructured":"Shaneyfelt ME, Burke AD, Graff JW, Jutila MA, Hardy ME: Natural products that reduce rotavirus infectivity identified by a cell-based moderate-throughput screening assay. Virol J. 2006, 3: 68-10.1186\/1743-422X-3-68.","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"800_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-6346(00)00079-6","volume":"19","author":"S Iino","year":"2001","unstructured":"Iino S, Tango T, Matsushima T, Toda G, Miyake K, Hino K, Kumada H, Yasuda K, Kuroki T, Hirayama C, Suzuki H: Therapeutic effects of stronger neo-minophagen C at different doses on chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis. Hepatol Res. 2001, 19: 31-40. 10.1016\/S1386-6346(00)00079-6.","journal-title":"Hepatol Res"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"800_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1159\/000048283","volume":"62","author":"H Kumada","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kumada H: Long-term treatment of chronic hepatitis C with glycyrrhizin [stronger neo-minophagen C (SNMC)] for preventing liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncology. 2002, 62 (Suppl 1): 94-100.","journal-title":"Oncology"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"800_CR22","first-page":"1022","volume":"53","author":"T Okuno","year":"1995","unstructured":"Okuno T, Arai K, Shindo M: [Efficacy of interferon combined glycyrrhizin therapy in patients with interferon-resistant chronic hepatitis C]. Nippon Rinsho. 1995, 53 (Suppl): 1022-1025.","journal-title":"Nippon Rinsho"},{"key":"800_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.158.25","volume":"158","author":"K Mori","year":"1989","unstructured":"Mori K, Sakai H, Suzuki S, Sugai K, Akutsu Y, Ishikawa M, Seino Y, Ishida N, Uchida T, Kariyone S: Effects of glycyrrhizin (SNMC: stronger Neo-Minophagen C) in hemophilia patients with HIV infection. Tohoku J Exp Med. 1989, 158: 25-35. 10.1620\/tjem.158.25.","journal-title":"Tohoku J Exp Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"800_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S370","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1746.17.s3.30.x","volume":"17","author":"SP Thyagarajan","year":"2002","unstructured":"Thyagarajan SP, Jayaram S, Gopalakrishnan V, Hari R, Jeyakumar P, Sripathi MS: Herbal medicines for liver diseases in India. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2002, 17 (Suppl 3): S370-376.","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"800_CR25","first-page":"51","volume":"45","author":"T Sekizawa","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sekizawa T, Yanagi K, Itoyama Y: Glycyrrhizin increases survival of mice with herpes simplex encephalitis. Acta Virol. 2001, 45: 51-54.","journal-title":"Acta Virol"},{"key":"800_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1021\/jm0493008","volume":"48","author":"G Hoever","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hoever G, Baltina L, Michaelis M, Kondratenko R, Baltina L, Tolstikov GA, Doerr HW, Cinatl J: Antiviral activity of glycyrrhizic acid derivatives against SARS-coronavirus. J Med Chem. 2005, 48: 1256-1259. 10.1021\/jm0493008.","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"key":"800_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(83)90303-4","volume":"65","author":"T Mosmann","year":"1983","unstructured":"Mosmann T: Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. J Immunol Methods. 1983, 65: 55-63. 10.1016\/0022-1759(83)90303-4.","journal-title":"J Immunol Methods"},{"key":"800_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1038\/laban0205-39","volume":"34","author":"C Guha","year":"2005","unstructured":"Guha C, Lee SW, Chowdhury NR, Chowdhury JR: Cell culture models and animal models of viral hepatitis. Part II: hepatitis C. Lab Anim (NY). 2005, 34: 39-47.","journal-title":"Lab Anim (NY)"},{"key":"800_CR29","volume-title":"Virol J","author":"UA Ashfaq","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ashfaq UA, Ansar M, Sarwar M, Javed T, Rehman S, Riazuddin S: Post-transcriptional inhibition of hepatitis C virus replication through small interference RNA. Virol J. 2011, 8:"},{"key":"800_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2660","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002660","volume":"3","author":"M Buck","year":"2008","unstructured":"Buck M: Direct infection and replication of naturally occurring hepatitis C virus genotypes 1, 2, 3 and 4 in normal human hepatocyte cultures. PLoS One. 2008, 3: e2660-10.1371\/journal.pone.0002660.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"800_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20032","volume":"39","author":"F Penin","year":"2004","unstructured":"Penin F, Dubuisson J, Rey FA, Moradpour D, Pawlotsky JM: Structural biology of hepatitis C virus. Hepatology. 2004, 39: 5-19. 10.1002\/hep.20032.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"800_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1038\/2053","volume":"4","author":"K Moriya","year":"1998","unstructured":"Moriya K, Fujie H, Shintani Y, Yotsuyanagi H, Tsutsumi T, Ishibashi K, Matsuura Y, Kimura S, Miyamura T, Koike K: The core protein of hepatitis C virus induces hepatocellular carcinoma in transgenic mice. Nat Med. 1998, 4: 1065-1067. 10.1038\/2053.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"800_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2003.038364","volume":"53","author":"O Nunez","year":"2004","unstructured":"Nunez O, Fernandez-Martinez A, Majano PL, Apolinario A, Gomez-Gonzalo M, Benedicto I, Lopez-Cabrera M, Bosca L, Clemente G, Garcia-Monzon C, Martin-Sanz P: Increased intrahepatic cyclooxygenase 2, matrix metalloproteinase 2, and matrix metalloproteinase 9 expression is associated with progressive liver disease in chronic hepatitis C virus infection: role of viral core and NS5A proteins. Gut. 2004, 53: 1665-1672. 10.1136\/gut.2003.038364.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"800_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510290355","volume":"29","author":"H Koga","year":"1999","unstructured":"Koga H, Sakisaka S, Ohishi M, Kawaguchi T, Taniguchi E, Sasatomi K, Harada M, Kusaba T, Tanaka M, Kimura R: Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in human hepatocellular carcinoma: relevance to tumor dedifferentiation. Hepatology. 1999, 29: 688-696. 10.1002\/hep.510290355.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"800_CR35","first-page":"1325","volume":"7","author":"MA Rahman","year":"2001","unstructured":"Rahman MA, Dhar DK, Yamaguchi E, Maruyama S, Sato T, Hayashi H, Ono T, Yamanoi A, Kohno H, Nagasue N: Coexpression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and COX-2 in hepatocellular carcinoma and surrounding liver: possible involvement of COX-2 in the angiogenesis of hepatitis C virus-positive cases. Clin Cancer Res. 2001, 7: 1325-1332.","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"800_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.02.038","volume":"132","author":"SJ Polyak","year":"2007","unstructured":"Polyak SJ, Morishima C, Shuhart MC, Wang CC, Liu Y, Lee DY: Inhibition of T-cell inflammatory cytokines, hepatocyte NF-kappaB signaling, and HCV infection by standardized Silymarin. Gastroenterology. 2007, 132: 1925-1936. 10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.02.038.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"800_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20051069","volume":"392","author":"S Harada","year":"2005","unstructured":"Harada S: The broad anti-viral agent glycyrrhizin directly modulates the fluidity of plasma membrane and HIV-1 envelope. Biochem J. 2005, 392: 191-199.","journal-title":"Biochem J"}],"container-title":["Journal of Translational Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1479-5876-9-112.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1479-5876-9-112\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1479-5876-9-112.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,22]],"date-time":"2019-01-22T13:24:59Z","timestamp":1548163499000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/translational-medicine.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1479-5876-9-112"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,18]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,12]]}},"alternative-id":["800"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1479-5876-9-112","relation":{},"ISSN":["1479-5876"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1479-5876","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,18]]},"article-number":"112"}}