{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T13:53:55Z","timestamp":1790949235725,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Transl Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The syndrome of resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH) is caused by mutations in the thyroid hormone receptor \u03b2 gene (<jats:italic>THRB<\/jats:italic>). The syndrome varies from asymptomatic to diffuse hypothyroidism, to pituitary-selective resistance with predominance of hyperthyroid signs and symptoms. The wide spectrum of clinical presentation is not completely attributable to specific <jats:italic>THRB<\/jats:italic> mutations. The <jats:italic>THRB<\/jats:italic> gene encodes two main isoforms, TR \u03b21 which is widely distributed, and TR \u03b22, whose expression is limited to the cochlea, retina, hypothalamus, and pituitary. Recent data demonstrated that in mice an intron enhancer region plays a critical role in the pituitary expression of the \u03b22 isoform of the receptor. We thus hypothesized that polymorphisms in the human homologous region could modulate the pituitary expression of the mutated gene contributing to the clinical presentation of RTH.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Screening and <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> characterization of polymorphisms of the intron enhancer region of the <jats:italic>THRB<\/jats:italic> gene in the index case of pituitary-selective RTH.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The index case of pituitary-selective resistance is characterized by the missense R338W exon 9 mutation in <jats:italic>cis<\/jats:italic> with two common SNPs, rs2596623T and rs2596622C, located in the intron enhancer region of the <jats:italic>THRB<\/jats:italic> gene. Reporter gene assay experiments in GH3 pituitary-derived cells indicate that rs2596623T generates an increased pituitary cell-specific activity of the TR \u03b22 promoter suggesting that rs2596623T leads to pituitary over-expression of the mutant allele.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The combined coding mutation and non-coding SNP therefore generate a tissue-specific dominant-negative condition recapitulating the patient's peculiar phenotype. This case illustrates the role of regulatory regions in modifying the clinical presentation of genetic diseases.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5876-9-144","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,26]],"date-time":"2011-08-26T18:26:31Z","timestamp":1314383191000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["An intronic SNP in the thyroid hormone receptor \u03b2 gene is associated with pituitary cell-specific over-expression of a mutant thyroid hormone receptor \u03b22 (R338W) in the index case of pituitary-selective resistance to thyroid hormone"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Anna Teresa","family":"Alberobello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Congedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig","family":"Cochran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica C","family":"Skarulis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas","family":"Forrest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco S","family":"Celi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"805_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-27-2-279","volume":"27","author":"S Refetoff","year":"1967","unstructured":"Refetoff S, DeWind LT, DeGroot LJ: Familial syndrome combining deaf-mutism, stuppled epiphyses, goiter and abnormally high PBI: possible target organ refractoriness to thyroid hormone. 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