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Studies have identified abnormalities in immune function but these data are inconsistent. We investigated the profile of markers of immune function (including novel markers) in CFS\/ME patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We included 95 CFS\/ME patients and 50 healthy controls. All participants were assessed on natural killer (NK) and CD8\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T cell cytotoxic activities, Th1 and Th2 cytokine profile of CD4\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T cells, expression of vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 2 (VPACR2), levels of NK phenotypes (CD56\n                      <jats:sup>bright<\/jats:sup>\n                      and CD56\n                      <jats:sup>dim<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) and regulatory T cells expressing FoxP3 transcription factor.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Compared to healthy individuals, CFS\/ME patients displayed significant increases in IL-10, IFN-\u03b3, TNF-\u03b1, CD4\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      CD25\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T cells, FoxP3 and VPACR2 expression. Cytotoxic activity of NK and CD8\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T cells and NK phenotypes, in particular the CD56\n                      <jats:sup>bright<\/jats:sup>\n                      NK cells were significantly decreased in CFS\/ME patients. Additionally granzyme A and granzyme K expression were reduced while expression levels of perforin were significantly increased in the CFS\/ME population relative to the control population. These data suggest significant dysregulation of the immune system in CFS\/ME patients.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our study found immunological abnormalities which may serve as biomarkers in CFS\/ME patients with potential for an application as a diagnostic tool.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5876-9-81","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,28]],"date-time":"2011-05-28T14:14:54Z","timestamp":1306592094000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":214,"title":["Immunological abnormalities as potential biomarkers in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome\/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Ekua W","family":"Brenu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mieke L","family":"van Driel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Don R","family":"Staines","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin J","family":"Ashton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra B","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Keane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy G","family":"Klimas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonya M","family":"Marshall-Gradisnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"748_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2008.03.014","volume":"71","author":"B Grinde","year":"2008","unstructured":"Grinde B: Is chronic fatigue syndrome caused by a rare brain infection of a common, normally benign virus?. 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