{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T07:25:20Z","timestamp":1782285920732,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nanoscale Res Lett"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Although organic-based direct conversion X-ray detectors have been developed, their photocurrent generation efficiency has been limited by recombination of excitons due to the intrinsically poor electrical properties of organic materials. In this report, we fabricated a polymer-based flexible X-ray detector and enhanced the X-ray detection sensitivity using a single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) enriched polymer composite. When this SWNT enriched polymer composite was used as the active layer of an X-ray detector, it efficiently separated charges at the interface between the SWNTs and polymer, preventing recombination of X-ray-induced excitons. This increased the photocurrent generation efficiency, as measured from current-voltage characteristics. Therefore, X-ray-induced photocurrent and X-ray detection sensitivity were enhanced as the concentration of SWNTs in the composite was increased. However, this benefit was counterbalanced by the slow and unstable time-dependent response at high SWNT concentrations, arising from reduced Schottky barrier heights between the active layer and electrodes. At high SWNT concentration, the dark current also increased due to the reduced Schottky barrier height, leading to decrease the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the device. Experimental results indicated that 0.005\u00a0wt.% SWNT in the composite was the optimum composition for practical X-ray detector operation because it showed enhanced performance in both sensitivity and SNR. In mechanical flexibility tests, the device exhibited a stable response up to a bending radius of 0.5\u00a0cm, and the device had no noticeable change in diode current after 1,000 bending cycles.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>PACS code<\/jats:bold>\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>8.67.Sc<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/1556-276x-9-610","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,12]],"date-time":"2014-11-12T02:01:30Z","timestamp":1415757690000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Enhancement of X-ray detection by single-walled carbon nanotube enriched flexible polymer composite"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Heetak","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanggeun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jungmok","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chandreswar","family":"Mahata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung Hwan","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A-Reum","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keun-Sung","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joon-Ho","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myung-Jin","family":"Soh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheolmin","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taeyoon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2482_CR1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Progress in Inorganic Chemistry","author":"H Hope","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hope H: X-ray crystallography: a fast, first-resort analytical tool. In Progress in Inorganic Chemistry. Edited by: Karlin KD. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2007:1\u201319."},{"key":"2482_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2845","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/43\/10\/013","volume":"43","author":"F Arfelli","year":"1998","unstructured":"Arfelli F, Assante M, Bonvicini V, Bravin A, Cantatore G, Castelli E, Palma LD, Michiel MD, Longo R, Olivo A, Pani S, Pontoni D, Poropat P, Prest M, Rashevsky A, Tromba G, Vacchi A, Vallazza E, Zanconati F: Low-dose phase contrast x-ray medical imaging. Phys Med Biol 1998, 43: 2845\u20132852. 10.1088\/0031-9155\/43\/10\/013","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"key":"2482_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat2096","volume":"7","author":"F Pfeiffer","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pfeiffer F, Bech M, Bunk O, Kraft P, Eikenberry EF, Bronnimann C, Grunzweig C, David C: Hard-X-ray dark-field imaging using a grating interferometer. Nat mater 2008, 7: 134\u2013137. 10.1038\/nmat2096","journal-title":"Nat mater"},{"key":"2482_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2289","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201200283","volume":"24","author":"B Fraboni","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fraboni B, Ciavatti A, Merlo F, Pasquini L, Cavallini A, Quaranta A, Bonfiglio A, Fraleoni-Morgera A: Organic semiconducting single crystals as next generation of low-cost, room-temperature electrical X-ray detectors. Adv Mater 2012, 24: 2289\u20132293. 10.1002\/adma.201200283","journal-title":"Adv Mater"},{"key":"2482_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1794","DOI":"10.1002\/pssb.200982007","volume":"246","author":"S Kasap","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kasap S, Frey JB, Belev G, Tousignant O, Mani H, Laperriere L, Reznik A, Rowlands JA: Amorphous selenium and its alloys from early xeroradiography to high resolution X-ray image detectors and ultrasensitive imaging tubes. Phys Status Solidi B 2009, 246: 1794\u20131805. 10.1002\/pssb.200982007","journal-title":"Phys Status Solidi B"},{"key":"2482_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3329","DOI":"10.1109\/TED.2011.2162241","volume":"58","author":"S Lee","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lee S, Hong J, Koo JH, Lee S, Lee K, Im S, Lee T: Single-crystalline silicon-based heterojunction photodiode arrays on flexible plastic substrates. IEEE Trans Electron Devices 2011, 58: 3329\u20133334.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Electron Devices"},{"key":"2482_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6642","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201302563","volume":"25","author":"L Dou","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dou L, You J, Hong Z, Xu Z, Li G, Street RA, Yang Y: 25th anniversary article: a decade of organic\/polymeric photovoltaic research. Adv Mater 2013, 25: 6642\u20136671. 10.1002\/adma.201302563","journal-title":"Adv Mater"},{"key":"2482_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7653","DOI":"10.1002\/ejoc.201300544","volume":"2013","author":"H Sasabe","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sasabe H, Kido J: Recent progress in phosphorescent organic light-emitting devices. Eur J Org Chem 2013, 2013: 7653\u20137663. 10.1002\/ejoc.201300544","journal-title":"Eur J Org Chem"},{"key":"2482_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201304346","volume":"26","author":"H Sirringhaus","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sirringhaus H: 25th anniversary article: organic field-effect transistors: the path beyond amorphous silicon. Adv Mater 2014, 26: 1319\u20131335. 10.1002\/adma.201304346","journal-title":"Adv Mater"},{"key":"2482_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1021\/cr900150b","volume":"110","author":"AC Arias","year":"2010","unstructured":"Arias AC, MacKenzie JD, McCulloch I, Rivnay J, Salleo A: Materials and applications for large area electronics: solution-based approaches. Chem Rev 2010, 110: 3\u201324. 10.1021\/cr900150b","journal-title":"Chem Rev"},{"key":"2482_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"033509","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2748337","volume":"91","author":"FA Boroumand","year":"2007","unstructured":"Boroumand FA, Zhu M, Dalton AB, Keddie JL, Sellin PJ, Gutierrez JJ: Direct x-ray detection with conjugated polymer devices. Appl Phys Lett 2007, 91: 033509. 10.1063\/1.2748337","journal-title":"Appl Phys Lett"},{"key":"2482_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orgel.2011.08.003","volume":"12","author":"A Intaniwet","year":"2011","unstructured":"Intaniwet A, Keddie JL, Shkunov M, Sellin PJ: High charge-carrier mobilities in blends of poly(triarylamine) and TIPS-pentacene leading to better performing X-ray sensors. Org Electron 2011, 12: 1903\u20131908. 10.1016\/j.orgel.2011.08.003","journal-title":"Org Electron"},{"key":"2482_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1002\/pip.791","volume":"15","author":"A Pivrikas","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pivrikas A, Sariciftci NS, Ju\u0161ka G, \u00d6sterbacka R: A review of charge transport and recombination in polymer\/fullerene organic solar cells. Prog Photovoltaics Res Appl 2007, 15: 677\u2013696. 10.1002\/pip.791","journal-title":"Prog Photovoltaics Res Appl"},{"key":"2482_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1021\/nl103458g","volume":"11","author":"J Sung","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sung J, Choi YS, Kang SJ, Cho SH, Lee TW, Park C: AC field-induced polymer electroluminescence with single wall carbon nanotubes. Nano letters 2011, 11: 966\u2013972. 10.1021\/nl103458g","journal-title":"Nano letters"},{"key":"2482_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.3390\/ma2030710","volume":"2","author":"A Ltaief","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ltaief A, Bouazizi A, Davenas J: Charge transport in carbon nanotubes-polymer composite photovoltaic cells. Materials 2009, 2: 710\u2013718. 10.3390\/ma2030710","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"2482_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16827","DOI":"10.1021\/ja065035z","volume":"128","author":"J Geng","year":"2006","unstructured":"Geng J, Zeng T: Influence of single-walled carbon nanotubes induced crystallinity enhancement and morphology change on polymer photovoltaic devices. J Am Chem Soc 2006, 128: 16827\u201316833. 10.1021\/ja065035z","journal-title":"J Am Chem Soc"},{"key":"2482_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1428416","volume":"80","author":"E Kymakis","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kymakis E, Amaratunga GAJ: Single-wall carbon nanotube\/conjugated polymer photovoltaic devices. Appl Phys Lett 2002, 80: 112\u2013114. 10.1063\/1.1428416","journal-title":"Appl Phys Lett"},{"key":"2482_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2005.12.139","volume":"252","author":"CD Canestraro","year":"2006","unstructured":"Canestraro CD, Schnitzler MC, Zarbin AJG, Luz MGED, Roman LS: Carbon nanotubes based nanocomposites for photocurrent improvement. Appl Surf Sci 2006, 252: 5575\u20135578. 10.1016\/j.apsusc.2005.12.139","journal-title":"Appl Surf Sci"},{"key":"2482_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C12046","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-0221\/8\/12\/C12046","volume":"8","author":"F Schirru","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schirru F, Lohstroh A, Jayawardena KDGI, Henley SJ, Sellin PJ: X-ray induced photocurrent characteristics of CVD diamond detectors with different carbon electrodes. J Instrum 2013, 8: C12046-C12046. 10.1088\/1748-0221\/8\/12\/C12046","journal-title":"J Instrum"},{"key":"2482_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4442","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200801088","volume":"20","author":"Y Wang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wang Y, Di C-a, Liu Y, Kajiura H, Ye S, Cao L, Wei D, Zhang H, Li Y, Noda K: Optimizing single-walled carbon nanotube films for applications in electroluminescent devices. Adv Mater 2008, 20: 4442\u20134449. 10.1002\/adma.200801088","journal-title":"Adv Mater"},{"key":"2482_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"046401","DOI":"10.1088\/0034-4885\/76\/4\/046401","volume":"76","author":"X Zhang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhang X, Chen YL, Liu RS, Tsai DP: Plasmonic photocatalysis. Rep Prog Phys 2013, 76: 046401. 10.1088\/0034-4885\/76\/4\/046401","journal-title":"Rep Prog Phys"},{"key":"2482_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1002\/marc.201400002","volume":"35","author":"SJ Cha","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cha SJ, Cho SN, Lee WH, Chung HS, Kang IN, Suh MC: Thermally cross-linkable hole transport polymers for solution-based organic light-emitting diodes. Macromol Rapid Commun 2014, 35: 807\u2013812. 10.1002\/marc.201400002","journal-title":"Macromol Rapid Commun"},{"key":"2482_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssc.2010.01.001","volume":"150","author":"M Bajpai","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bajpai M, Kumari K, Srivastava R, Kamalasanan MN, Tiwari RS, Chand S: Electric field and temperature dependence of hole mobility in electroluminescent PDY 132 polymer thin films. Solid State Commun 2010, 150: 581\u2013584. 10.1016\/j.ssc.2010.01.001","journal-title":"Solid State Commun"},{"key":"2482_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4840","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1483388","volume":"80","author":"AK Mahapatro","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mahapatro AK, Ghosh S: Schottky energy barrier and charge injection in metal\/copper\u2013phthalocyanine\/metal structures. Appl Phys Lett 2002, 80: 4840\u20134842. 10.1063\/1.1483388","journal-title":"Appl Phys Lett"},{"key":"2482_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1692","DOI":"10.1021\/am100220y","volume":"2","author":"A Intaniwet","year":"2010","unstructured":"Intaniwet A, Mills CA, Sellin PJ, Shkunov M, Keddie JL: Achieving a stable time response in polymeric radiation sensors under charge injection by X-rays. ACS Appl Mater Inter 2010, 2: 1692\u20131699. 10.1021\/am100220y","journal-title":"ACS Appl Mater Inter"},{"key":"2482_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5425","DOI":"10.1021\/nl403001r","volume":"13","author":"T Takahashi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Takahashi T, Yu Z, Chen K, Kiriya D, Wang C, Takei K, Shiraki H, Chen T, Ma B, Javey A: Carbon nanotube active-matrix backplanes for mechanically flexible visible light and X-ray imagers. Nano letters 2013, 13: 5425\u20135430. 10.1021\/nl403001r","journal-title":"Nano letters"}],"container-title":["Nanoscale Research Letters"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1556-276X-9-610.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]],"date-time":"2023-03-20T04:21:06Z","timestamp":1679286066000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/1556-276X-9-610"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,12]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2482"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1556-276x-9-610","relation":{},"ISSN":["1556-276X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1556-276X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 July 2014","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 November 2014","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 November 2014","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"610"}}